How the G20 Can Lead the Fight Against Global Inequality

Nov 29 , 2025
By Jayati Ghosh

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This month's G20 Summit in Johannesburg marked several historic firsts.

For starters, it was the Group's first-ever summit in Africa, and the first to include the African Union (AU) as a full-fledged member. It also set less encouraging precedents. It was the first meeting boycotted by a key founding member, the United States (US), on spurious grounds, and the first in which that same country tried to prevent the host from issuing a final declaration. Equally unprecedented was South Africa's decision to ignore the American threat and issue one anyway.

As G20 President, South Africa invited delegations from Africa and other parts of the world to participate as guests, demonstrating the continued importance of multilateral dialogue and cooperation. Building on the momentum generated by last year's summit in Brazil, the Group also expanded its agenda to include issues of particular relevance to Africa and the broader developing world.

South Africa's inclusive approach paved the way for another landmark moment. For the first time, G20 leaders formally addressed the issue of global inequality. The impetus was the recent report by the Extraordinary Committee of Independent Experts on Global Inequality. Chaired by Nobel laureate economist Joseph Stiglitz, the Committee (of which I was a member) synthesised a large body of research and drew on consultations with 80 prominent scholars to present a comprehensive picture of economic disparities worldwide.

The conclusions are hardly reassuring. Although global inequality has declined since the early 2000s, this is largely due to rising incomes in China. For the world as a whole, inequality remains stubbornly high and has begun to rise again. While inequality between countries has fallen, the gulf between the richest and poorest countries remains unacceptably wide. Nine out of 10 people now live in countries with high inequality, even by the World Bank's relatively conservative standards.

The distribution of income within countries is equally distorted. Wage shares of national income have declined in most economies over the past few decades, while capital income has become increasingly concentrated. Large firms now account for the bulk of corporate profits, with multinational corporations taking the lion's share.

These developments reflect a broader trend. The concentration of income and wealth at the very top. Of the two, wealth is far more unequally distributed, as its explosive growth in recent decades has been overwhelmingly skewed toward the already rich. More than 40pc of the wealth generated since the start of the century has gone to the wealthiest one percent, while the bottom half of the world's population received a mere one percent.

Even within the top one percent, the gains have been largely captured by the ultra-wealthy, arguably the most extreme concentration of wealth in human history. The result is a class of global plutocrats whose unprecedented resources enable them to shape laws, institutions, and policies. They influence public opinion through their control of the media and tilt judicial systems in their favour.

The threat that this oligarchic class poses to democratic governance is compounded by the growing insecurity and frustration among workers whose livelihoods have become increasingly precarious, owing to job insecurity, stagnant wages, and weakened social protections. These pressures have already fueled political polarisation, the scapegoating of migrants and minority groups, and the deepening of gender-based inequalities.

Contrary to neoliberal economists' claims, high inequality does not spur economic growth. It suppresses it. As mass consumption declines, so do the benefits of economies of scale. When inherited wealth is privileged over earned income, incentives to innovate shrink. And since the consumption and investment patterns of the ultra-wealthy are vastly more carbon-intensive and resource-depleting, extreme inequality also undermines environmental sustainability and climate action.

As we argue in our report, inequality has become an emergency that should be treated with the same urgency as climate change. Like the climate crisis, the inequality crisis can be partly attributed to the legacy of colonialism, as well as long-standing sociocultural structures. But above all, it reflects the legal, institutional, regulatory, and policy choices that have allowed a few to enrich themselves at the expense of everyone else.

There is no shortage of examples. Financial liberalisation and repeated government bailouts have protected wealth at the top. Stringent intellectual-property regimes have created monopolies over knowledge. The privatisation of essential public goods and services has further entrenched disparities. Outdated tax systems have enabled large multinational firms and wealthy individuals to avoid paying their fair share.

Taken together, these policies have dramatically shifted the balance between public and private wealth. As governments privatised assets and accumulated debt, often to subsidise or guarantee private capital, public balance sheets deteriorated while private fortunes soared.

The good news is that since these trends are the product of political choices, they can be reversed. But doing so requires a clearer understanding of the problem. Despite the explosion of research and the emergence of promising analytical methods, major blind spots remain, making it harder to design effective policies that curb inequality.

That is the central message of our report. While it includes many policy recommendations, its most urgent and practical proposal is the creation of an international panel of experts on inequality. This small, independent body would monitor inequality across multiple areas, consolidate and evaluate data, develop robust metrics, coordinate research, identify underlying causes, and assess the effectiveness of government policies.

Loosely modelled on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the proposed panel would rely on voluntary contributions from researchers worldwide and serve as an authoritative and accessible source of information for governments and the public. Such knowledge would support policymakers genuinely seeking to reduce inequality. Perhaps more importantly, it would empower citizens to demand the policy changes and reforms needed to build just and equitable societies.

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PUBLISHED ON Nov 29,2025 [ VOL 26 , NO 1335]

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