A Global South Approach to the Climate-Development Nexus

Sep 6 , 2025. By Saliem Fakir ( The founder and executive director of the African Climate Foundation, argue that the urgency of climate crisis only grows as the planet and inflation continue to heat up. )

This year, Brazil is set to host the crucial United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30), an event expected to focus on delivering past commitments and scaling up action. All signatories to the Paris Agreement are required to submit updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), pledges that, according to the UN Environment Programme, will need to be more ambitious if the world is to stay within the 1.5°C warming threshold, writes Saliem Fakir, founder and executive director of the African Climate Foundation, and Prabhat Upadhyaya, adviser on the G20 and Multilateral Affairs to the African Climate Foundation. This commentary is provided by Project Syndicate (PS).

The deluge of crises over the past five years, from the COVID-19 pandemic to wars in Ukraine and Gaza to America's destructive tariff policy, has put the postwar global order under immense pressure. Multilateral institutions, including the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), are struggling to respond effectively to an increasingly complex geopolitical landscape, where international cooperation is being steadily supplanted by great-power politics.

Amid this economic fragmentation and political disarray, the Global South and philanthropic organisations should take a pragmatic approach to protecting development gains and pursuing climate resilience. This means building issue-based coalitions, strengthening domestic institutions, and making the most of opportunities to lead on the global stage, such as South Africa's G20 presidency and India's turn as BRICS+ chair in 2026.

Perhaps most consequential is Brazil's role as host of this year's United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30), which is expected to focus on delivering past commitments and scaling up outcomes. Equally important will be the updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which all signatories of the Paris climate agreement have to submit, ideally within the next month. According to the UN Environment Programme's 2024 Emissions Gap Report, there is a need for NDCs that are better aligned with the agreement's pathway for limiting the rise in global temperatures to 1.5° Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

More ambitious NDCs, in turn, will require greater international collaboration and reforms to the global financial architecture.

Action has become imperative. Despite the falling cost of renewable energy, fossil-fuel use continues to grow. As a result, climate change and biodiversity loss have accelerated. Efforts to close the climate-finance gap have fallen short. The New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance agreed at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, is grossly inadequate, and the situation looks set to deteriorate, as America retreats inward and other developed countries significantly increase defence spending.

Likewise, progress on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has stalled, owing to a persistent four trillion dollars annual financing gap. While progress has been real and substantial, it remains fragile and unequal. As flows of official development assistance dry up and global debt reaches a record high, developing innovative ways to mobilise domestic and foreign capital has become an urgent priority. With that goal in mind, the Fourth International Conference on Finance for Development recently established a reform-oriented global financing framework and committed to a rules-based multilateral trading system.

The conference also launched the Borrowers' Forum, a platform that enables debt-distressed countries to negotiate collectively.

Global South countries are learning not to pin their hopes on the rich world's empty promises. As a result, they are shifting their focus to implementation. Brazil launched an Action Agenda for COP30, while South Africa's G20 presidency has highlighted the nexus of climate, development, and debt.

Faced with unsustainable debt levels and prohibitive borrowing costs, the Global South, and particularly African, governments should improve fiscal resilience to scale up long-term investments in climate action and respond quickly to climate-related shocks. This by no means absolves developed countries of their financial obligations under Article 9 of the Paris agreement, but it represents a pragmatic imperative for Global South countries that do not want their climate and development priorities held hostage to great power politics.

In such an environment, philanthropic organisations should reassess their role in helping national and regional actors achieve development and climate goals. Addressing financing gaps in low- and middle-income countries, as well as the transition risks that all countries face, while also addressing existing priorities such as inflation, unemployment, and social unrest, should imply the need to expand social protection for the most vulnerable.

But, instead of taking an everything-everywhere-all-at-once approach, philanthropies should be more focused on expanding their reach, while also improving coordination among themselves. This is especially true in Africa, where only a handful of large philanthropic organisations are based.

The Just Energy Transition Partnerships in South Africa, Vietnam, and Indonesia have shown that philanthropies can play a valuable role in establishing government-led country platforms for coordinating public- and private-sector finance in service of development and climate goals. Philanthropic organisations can provide early financing, support capacity building, and bring other actors, including community groups and small and medium-sized enterprises, on board.

Another priority should be situating climate action in a development context. In Africa, that means helping countries reduce their debt overhangs, strengthen fiscal resilience, and devise credible investment plans for facilitating climate action. All of this should build the countercyclical economic momentum needed for sustainable growth. But, it requires philanthropies to start engaging with the multilateral processes, using their flexibility, risk tolerance, and trust-building capacity to advance the Global South's interests by strengthening institutional and human capacity.

To deliver on-the-ground results in climate-vulnerable countries confronting a confluence of global crises, philanthropies should collaborate with governments, grassroots organisations, and development banks, concentrating on supporting systemic change as much as on providing relief. That will require staying focused on strategic climate and development objectives and being prepared to manage trade-offs.

The new age of great-power politics will eventually pass. But Global South governments and philanthropic organisations cannot afford to bide their time until then. Instead, they should take concrete steps toward ensuring sustainable growth and strengthening international partnerships. The only way to emerge from this era of disorder is to confront it head-on.

PUBLISHED ON Sep 06,2025 [ VOL 26 , NO 1323]