Selamawit Eshetu, who is in her mid-20s, was at the Main Department of Immigration & Nationality Affairs Office trying to renew her passport last Wednesday when she got into an argument with information personnel.

Selamawit has been travelling to Dubai since 2014, where she imports products to sell at her cosmetics shop 'Selam Cosmo' in the Bole area. Throughout the years, she has been able to do this relatively easily - until her passport expired.

To renew it, she was asked to present her renewed business license, in addition to an identification card, which is mandatory to get a passport.

“I brought what I was told to, but they shut me off after saying that my capital is less than 100,000 Br,” she says with frustration. “Why do such inconveniences keep happening in Ethiopia?”

The new procedure by the Office was introduced in October in a bid to curb 'illegal migration' that is undertaken without visas but with passports in hand, especially to the Middle East.

Even those whose passport has been expired are required to bring invitation letters and tickets as evidence of their travel, for renew.

Applicants are being required to submit documents that show that they have either been allowed to study or work overseas, hotel bookings or certificates of competence from accredited employment agencies.

Competency certificates require applicants to be at least 21 years of age and complete eighth grade. Individuals looking to travel to Middle Eastern countries with whom Ethiopia has signed bilateral labour agreements are required by law, after a proclamation by the Ministry of Labour & Social Affairs, to go through these employment agencies, receive a three-month training and acquire certificates.

Labour attachés in embassies abroad are assigned to oversee the safety and security of employees; hospitals are assigned to provide medical checkups; and over 100 agencies have been given licenses to serve as employment agencies under the new program.

“The main goal is to reduce abuse and harassment of Ethiopian workers that migrate,” Takele Assefa, a team leader at the Ministry of Labour & Social Affairs, told Fortune. “To overcome the problem, the Immigration & Nationality Affairs Office needed to collaborate with us.”

The government banned travel for domestic employment to the Middle East beginning in 2013, although illegal migration continued.

The ban was lifted early this year, and bilateral labour agreements were subsequently signed with Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Jordan. To mitigate this illegal flow of job seekers, a new national council was established to prevent illegal human trafficking.

A circular from the Prime Minister’s Office ordering the Federal Police, Attorney General's Office, Immigration & Nationality Affairs, Civil Aviation Authority and Ethiopian Airlines to curtail and control illegal travel out of the country was also released.

Signed by Deputy Prime Minister Demeke Mekonnen, the letter issued on October 11, 2018, urges the listed institutions to curtail travellers for overseas employment with tourists and other visas.

Nonetheless, Ethiopia continues to be an important origin, transit and destination for regular and irregular migration flow in the Horn of Africa, according to the International Labour Organisation. The majority of Ethiopians are destined for the Middle East through Somalia, Djibouti and Yemen.

Passports could be used as a means of travelling to other countries that do not require entry visas from Ethiopia, such as Kenya. Passport frauds are also a problem perpetrated by individuals that apply for new passports claiming that they lost their previous one and can bring a certificate from local law enforcement bodies, according to the Office.

But this process, given that it has to deal with passports, is inconveniencing other travellers that are not going to the Middle East.

Mulatu Zeneb, 50 years of age, is waiting in a long queue at the Office intending to travel to the United States.

“I showed my invitation card to the office, but I am still unable to get my passport processed,” he says. “There is an internal miscommunication at the Office, which is inconveniencing us.”

According to Alembirhan Tafesse, public relations officer at the Immigration & Nationality Affairs Office, the problem is different in that applicants are showing up without fulfilling the necessary requirements.

“The main aim is to help fight 'illegal migration and smuggling, not to confuse people,” he said.

The office processes two types of visas, fast-track passports and normal passports. The former is given for those that have an emergency need for it, such as people with health problems, scholarship winners and licensed importers, and they must pay the required 900 Br. A passport through the fast-track process takes up to three days to obtain.