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Month: March 2024

Tangled Corruption Web, Systemic Inefficiency Present Passports to Inequality

Posted on by Tizita S.

A pressing issue frustrating the public has emerged in immigration policies and passport issuance services. The country’s struggle with corruption, inefficiency, and insufficient infrastructure has led to delays and despair, marring the process for many and sometimes leading to applicants being taken advantage of.

The consequences of the flawed passport insurance system extend far beyond the inconvenience of long waiting times. For some, it means missed job opportunities, education, or urgent medical treatments abroad. Anecdotes abound of individuals who, caught in the system’s inefficiency, find themselves at a crossroads, having to weigh the costs of waiting against the potential benefits of opportunities abroad. The situation underlines the urgent need for reform to ensure equitable access to travel documents.

Corruption, a pervasive barrier that skews the fairness of the passport issuance process, lies at the crux of the problem. Favouritism and bribery have become commonplace, creating a dual-track system where those with connections or financial means rig the process swiftly, leaving others languishing in uncertainty. The unfair advantage deepens the divide and undermines trust in public institutions.

The system’s glaring inefficiency compounds the problem. Outdated infrastructure, a dearth of personnel, and a mire of bureaucratic procedures have extended waiting times, causing considerable and unbearable inconvenience for citizens. Limited access to application centres, especially in remote regions, exacerbates the situation, forcing many to undertake costly, time-consuming and long journeys. The lack of transparency in the passport issuance process adds another layer of uncertainty. Applicants often find themselves in the dark about their applications’ status, with no information about the reasons for delays or rejections.

The ambiguity cultivates fertile ground for unfair benefit, with some individuals preying on applicants’ desperation, promising expedited services for a fee, and, in some cases, engaging in outright fraud.

Immigration authorities should adopt a multi-pronged strategy. Tackling corruption head-on is paramount; establishing oversight bodies, regular audits, and stringent penalties for corrupt practices could be a bulwark against misconduct. Modernising the infrastructure of passport application centres and fully digitising the application process would go a long way in streamlining operations and cutting down wait times.

Building immigration officials’ capacity through targeted training programs could enhance efficiency. Training in customer service, document verification, and fraud detection would equip them to manage the growing demand for passport services better. Improving accessibility by expanding the network of application centres and deploying mobile registration units would ensure broader reach, addressing the logistical limitations citizens face in remote areas.

Promoting transparency and accountability is another critical piece of the puzzle. Establishing clear and transparent procedures as well as updating applicants on their application status, would rebuild trust in the system. A tracking mechanism for online applications could offer real-time insights, further enhancing transparency. Public awareness campaigns play a vital role in empowering citizens.

Educating the populace about the passport application process, their rights, and the risk of engaging in corrupt practices would encourage them to demand better services and hold authorities accountable. Regional cooperation could provide a strategic advantage in combating fraud and illegal immigration while facilitating legitimate travel and trade. By harmonising immigration procedures and sharing information on human trafficking, the authorities can enhance security and facilitate smoother movement across borders.

The path to reforming Ethiopia’s immigration and passport issuance processes is convolutedly tricky, requiring a concerted effort from the authorities, the public, and international partners. However, the authorities can only surmount these problems with political will and strategic investments. A more efficient, transparent, and fair system is within reach, promising a future where access to travel documents is no longer a privilege for the few but a right for all citizens. Overhauling the system benefits individuals looking to travel and bolsters Ethiopia’s global standing, reflecting a commitment to governance, transparency, and respect for citizens’ rights.

 

WTO’s Abu Dhabi Standoff Unpacks Global Trade’s Future

Posted on by Tizita S.

Taking place in challenging and uncertain times, the World Trade Organization’s 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi produced mixed results: a few successes, but also some disappointments. By contrast, the previous ministerial conference, held in June 2022, concluded with the adoption of numerous multilateral agreements and decisions, giving the WTO a reprieve from its critics. Now the critics are back.

Criticism is not necessarily a bad thing; it should prompt reflection on why the WTO was created in the first place, how it has benefited its members – rich and poor – and what impact it might have in the future. However, criticism is helpful only if it accounts for the organisation’s complexity, which was deepened by the dynamics of the Abu Dhabi meeting. In addition to the usual North-South challenges, the negotiations exposed emerging South-South tensions on certain issues.

The differences among developing countries further complicate the WTO’s consensual approach to decision-making.

The new tensions were most evident in digital commerce and agriculture. WTO members of the African, Caribbean, & Pacific Group, totalling 62 countries, aligned with developed countries and some emerging markets in supporting the extension of the moratorium on e-commerce tariffs for electronic transmissions. Others, including Indonesia, India, and South Africa, opposed extending the moratorium, citing revenue losses for their governments and the unfair advantages they believe it confers on ‘Big Tech’ companies.

After tough negotiations, members eventually agreed to extend the moratorium for two years, ending March 31, 2026, or at the next WTO ministerial conference, whichever comes first. This deal was made possible, in part, by developing countries that view the moratorium as beneficial to their services sectors.

Likewise, a complex mix of alliances was evident during the negotiations on agricultural reform.

While a united bloc of mostly developing countries called for deep cuts in developed countries’ agricultural subsidies, clear divisions appeared among emerging markets about “public stockholding” – the practice of purchasing agricultural goods, often at fixed prices, to bolster domestic food security – and its potential effects on trade. These differences stymied efforts to move forward on outstanding agriculture negotiations, which unfortunately led some members to block an agreement further restricting harmful fisheries subsidies.

But, the Abu Dhabi meeting also achieved some important successes crucial to the WTO’s credibility. After years of advocacy, a decision was adopted to ease the transition for least-developed countries (LDCs) – the WTO’s poorest members – graduating to developing-country status. Members can now retain access to special trade concessions available in WTO agreements for up to three years after graduating from the LDC category.

There was also an agreement to accept two new members, Comoros and Timor-Leste. Both of these countries undertook difficult economic reforms and implemented legislative changes over many years to qualify for membership. Their commitment demonstrates that countries still value WTO membership and being part of the rules-based multilateral trading system. Twenty-two other countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ethiopia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, have been accelerating their WTO accession bids.

Representing three-quarters of the membership, including nearly 90 developing countries, 125 members used the plurilateral negotiating instrument to finalise the Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD) Agreement to eliminate bureaucratic barriers to domestic and foreign direct investment. This could save participating countries up to one billion dollars a year in aggregate costs and make them more attractive investment destinations.

While work will continue in Geneva to insert the agreement into the WTO’s multilateral legal framework, there is no doubt that the IFD Agreement demonstrates that the WTO has innovative negotiating tools to find common ground on topical issues. The bottom line is that concerted collective effort is required to deliver WTO agreements and create an organisation capable of tackling this century’s problems. Failure to achieve these aims can no longer be blamed solely on the United States – or any one country, for that matter – for lack of leadership or loss of interest.

Yes, the US partially hobbled the WTO’s dispute-settlement system by blocking new appointments to its Appellate Body. However, the US and other countries had some valid criticisms of the system. In response, WTO members have started work on the reforms, expecting to complete the work by the end of the year.

The dynamics at the WTO have changed. While US leadership is still essential, meaningful reform will require other members, including emerging markets and developing countries, to take the lead and help steer the organisation – over which they exert real influence, as was obvious in Abu Dhabi. It will also be crucial to work with developing countries to ensure that any proposed reforms provide the conditions they need to grow and prosper.

The WTO has adopted a forward-looking agenda to support digital and green trade, promote services, foster inclusion, and create a level of global playing field. Working together to achieve these goals will benefit WTO members and the entire world.

AI Revolution Tests the Limits of Intellectual Property Law

Posted on by Tizita S.

As artificial intelligence (AI) weaves its way deeper into the fabric of society, its ability to drive change across diverse sectors — from healthcare to the arts and commerce to defence — cannot be overstated. The advancement of AI, fueled by leaps in computing power, the deluge of data, and algorithmic finesse, marks a watershed in human history. AI-powered technologies, such as chatbots, virtual assistants, medical imaging analysers, and creative tools, do more than reshape consumer experiences. They are also enhancing productivity and pushing the boundaries of innovation.

At the core of AI’s development lie two distinct types. There is a rule-based system reliant on predefined logic. There is also a self-learning model, which adapts and learns from data. This dichotomy has ushered in an animated debate on ownership issues, particularly when AI systems create potentially copyrightable or patentable material without human intervention. Traditionally, copyright and patent laws have been predicated on human authorship and invention, a notion challenged by AI’s capabilities.

Intellectual property rights (IPRs), as defined by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), are legal mechanisms that protect the product of creativity—be it inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images. These rights safeguard creators’ investments and efforts, balancing their interests with those of the public to encourage an environment conducive to innovation and creativity.

However, the rapid evolution of AI technologies potentially disrupts this balance. It has emerged as a potent tool, revolutionising processes such as document verification, advanced image, and prior art searches, as well as automated document translation. These applications enhance the quality and efficiency of IP applications and aid in brand protection and infringement detection across digital platforms. Thus, AI’s role in IP management is transformative and facilitative.

As AI systems become increasingly capable of producing original works — text, music, art, and inventions — the question of extending IP protections to such outputs becomes more pressing. The human-centric nature of existing copyright frameworks, such as the Berne Convention, poses significant challenges. The debate around the ownership of AI-generated creations is thorny, involving diverse stakeholders, including policymakers, legal experts, technology companies, and artists’ groups.

One school of thought advocates for extending IP protections to AI-generated works, arguing that such measures would incentivise investment in AI research and development. Proponents believe this could deter unauthorised use and infringement and encourage the application of AI across various industries. They assert that granting IP rights to AI creations aligns with the fundamental principles of IP law, which aim to reward and encourage creative and innovative endeavours, irrespective of their source.

However, this perspective is not without its nitpickers, who raise concerns about potential monopolies in the AI industry. They seem to be worried about the blurring of lines between human and non-human creations, and the legal complexities of assigning ownership. Patent offices may struggle to determine the novelty and non-obviousness of AI-generated inventions, and applying moral rights to such works introduces philosophical and ethical dilemmas about authorship and rights attribution.

A notable instance in this ongoing debate is Stephen Thaler’s (PhD) Device for Autonomous Bootstrapping of Unified Sentience (DABUS), an AI system designed to generate new ideas autonomously. Thaler’s attempts to have DABUS recognised as the inventor on patent applications in several countries have largely been rejected, as current laws require a human inventor. Nonetheless, rulings in South Africa and by the Australian Federal Court, acknowledging an AI system as an inventor, have reignited a debate on the issue.

How can legal frameworks adapt to accommodate the realities of AI innovation while protecting IP rights and serving the public interest?

Resolving this issue will undoubtedly influence the trajectory of AI development and shape the future of creativity, innovation, and intellectual property rights. As countries and legal systems struggle with these issues, the path forward remains to be charted, promising to redefine the relationship between technology, law, and human creativity in profound ways. The evolving debate demands a nuanced understanding of AI’s potential and pitfalls in intellectual property rights. The legal and regulatory frameworks that effectively encompass AI-generated works are fraught with difficulties, requiring a delicate balance between nurturing innovation and protecting the rights of creators—whether human or not.

Neither is the debate limited to the academic sphere, for it has substantial implications for the future of innovation. Recognising AI’s role in the creative process could spur unprecedented levels of innovation, unlocking new avenues for technological advancement and artistic expression. But, the risk of stifling human creativity under the weight of AI-generated content or creating monopolies by entities that control advanced AI technologies also looms large.

One of the most contentious aspects of the debate is the question of authorship.

Traditional concepts of authorship are deeply rooted in the notion of human creativity and intellect. The idea that a machine could hold a place similar to a human creator is a radical departure from centuries of legal and cultural norms. Yet, as AI advances, the lines between human and machine-generated content are increasingly blurred, challenging our preconceptions of creativity and invention. Determining the novelty and originality of such works, indispensable criteria in patent and copyright law is particularly difficult when the “creator” is an algorithm.

The dynamic and often opaque nature of AI’s decision-making processes adds a layer of complexity to determining whether a work or invention can be considered original or a derivative of its programming and the data it was trained on. The international dimension of IP law adds another layer of problems. With different jurisdictions taking varied approaches to AI and intellectual property, a fragmented legal system could impede international cooperation and the global exchange of ideas and innovations. The need for harmonisation, or at least a degree of consensus among critical jurisdictions, is becoming increasingly apparent.

The DABUS case illustrates the contradictions at the heart of this debate. While some jurisdictions have taken a more open stance towards the idea of non-human inventors, others remain firm in their adherence to traditional concepts of human authorship. The divergence reflects broader uncertainties about the role of AI in society and the legal frameworks that govern it.

As the discussion progresses, it becomes evident that a forward-looking approach is needed — one that recognises AI’s transformative potential while ensuring that the frameworks governing intellectual property remain robust and adaptive. This will likely require legal innovation and a broader dialogue about the value we place on human over machine creativity, the ethics of AI, and the kind of future we want to build.

 

Addis Abeba Loosing Balance Between Progress, Preservation

Posted on by Tizita S.

A recent car ride through Addis Abeba with my family unearthed a stint of emotions. While the city’s massive facelift was a wonder for my wide-eyed daughter, the scene evoked a profound sense of loss within me. The relentless demolition and excavation mirrored the ach in my heart – a place cherished for its history now ravaged by progress.

Piassa was the heart of my childhood and bore the brunt of this transformation. It was where I attended Lideta Catholic Cathedral School, where my father also worked. We spent countless hours exploring its historical structures and quaint restaurants, forging memories that remain vivid to this day. It held a special significance for him too – his first Addis Abeba haven after emigrating from Eritrea.

His love for history feels particularly touching now. A week before his sudden passing, he took me on a final pilgrimage through Piassa, a bittersweet day etched forever in my memory. We reminisced about the subtle changes over the years, unknowingly foreshadowing the dramatic metamorphosis to come.

I did not go much further for higher education as well. I studied law at Sidist Kilo University and often went to Piassa to meet with my father. After his passing, I went to those places to reminisce over the memories. Returning to see those very streets and restaurants reduced to rubble last week, tears streamed down my face. It was as if part of me was being torn down.

My travels across Europe offered a contrasting perspective. European cities boast breathtaking architecture, a testament to their deep respect for history. Their development prioritises maintaining the historic character. Public sentiment shapes policy, with leaders taking cultural heritage seriously over towering skyscrapers. Cities like Paris and Prague exemplify this philosophy, their residents holding a deep attachment to their architectural backdrops. Buildings here are valued not only for function but for their positive impact on the community and environment.

Europe’s cautionary tale lies in Brussels, a city that embraced rapid modernisation in the 1960s and 70s. Widespread demolition of high-rises, a period known as “Brusselisation,” resulted in widespread criticism. The new structures were seen as destroying the city’s soul, erasing its cultural identity. This misstep led to stricter building regulations across Europe, a reminder of the importance of striking a balance between progress and preservation.

Witnessing Europe’s commitment to its cultural heritage, even at significant expense, compels me to question our approach in Addis Abeba. While our historic buildings may not boast the grandeur of European architecture, they hold immense value nonetheless. The city’s modernisation, undeniably necessary, has disrupted countless lives.

Addis Abeba’s historic buildings lack the grandeur of European architecture. Many structures, especially in densely populated areas, are constructed from wood and suffer from years of neglect. The argument for preservation hinges on our understanding of history’s value. Thousands have had their lives impacted by the demolitions. These areas, while holding cherished memories, are undeniably in need of improvement.

The ideal outcome is a plan that successfully balances cultural preservation with the needs of a growing city. Imagine a city that offers modern housing and commercial spaces alongside restored architectural gems. Such a development would foster a renewed sense of community, allowing residents like myself to share not only family history but the rich past with future generations.

New construction can coexist with the legacy, alleviating the grief associated with demolition. It lies in creating a new landmark that respects its heritage while embracing the demands of the present.

Why Some Crave Quiet in Chaos

Posted on by Tizita S.

The scene that greeted me upon entering my house was pure pandemonium. My children, caught up in the throes of a lively game of catch, darted around with unbridled energy, their laughter ringing out like music in the air. An initial surge of joy at their exuberance quickly morphed into anxiety. Where was the peace and quiet I craved?

Retreating to the bedroom proved futile. The cacophony followed like a mischievous echo. At that moment, I noticed the nanny gazing at the scene unfolding outside with a serene smile adorning her face. Unlike me, she seemed unfazed by the reverberating sounds. It dawned on me then: not everyone is equally bothered by the boisterous sounds of children at play.

Loudness jeers at my senses. Public phone blasts and the enthusiastic hollering of my offspring – particularly in confined spaces – can be overwhelming. Sensory overload is a prime culprit. Children have not mastered the art of volume control, and their creations are accompanied by a high-decibel soundtrack. For adults accustomed to quieter environments, this onslaught of noise can disrupt focus, hinder relaxation, and leave us feeling audibly exhausted.

The struggle is especially relatable for those who work from home or live in close quarters. Tolerance for noise varies greatly. Some have a natural aversion to loudness, perhaps due to chronic noise pollution in their environment. For others, the racket of children at play can trigger a bittersweet wave of nostalgia. The joyous screams might transport them back to a seemingly simpler time. This longing can lead to frustration or envy.

Personality also plays a role. Introverts or those who crave order may find playtime’s chaotic energy disruptive, as quiet time fuels their well-being. Mental health conditions like anxiety or sound sensitivity can further heighten this response. Loud noises and activity can trigger unease or fear, especially for those already prone to heightened stress. Societal expectations add another layer. Sometimes, it is misconstrued as aggression, leading to increased anxiety for adults worried about safety or judgment from others.

The irony is, I am a soft-rock enthusiast! Yet, others’ musical preferences cranked to 11 can be torture. Music has a profound impact on us, creating a sonic environment that reflects our mood or activity. This curated experience is disrupted by intrusive music, especially at high volumes.

Part of the issue is the loss of control. When we choose our music, it becomes an extension of ourselves. Loudness amplifies this personalised soundscape. Someone else’s music blasting into our space disrupts this control, creating a clash rather than a habitable coexistence of sound. The brain struggles to process multiple loud auditory inputs, making it difficult to tolerate music that differs from our own.

In shared spaces like public transportation or thin-walled apartments, blasting music becomes inconsiderate and disruptive. Confirmation bias, our tendency to favour choices, worsens the situation.

How do we create a harmonious soundscape?

By being mindful of social norms and respecting noise levels, we can ensure everyone can enjoy their auditory preferences without causing unnecessary disturbances. After all, a little consideration can go a long way in transforming the discord of life into a beautiful sound.

“No room.”

Posted on by Tizita S.

Getachew Reda, president of the Tigray Interim Government, told Chinese Television that armed conflict will not resume in the north. Last week, his administration blamed the Amhara Regional State authorities over the letter’s inclusion of disputed territories in an education curriculum.

ORTHOPEDICS

Posted on by Web Master

Musculoskeletal Mastery: Exploring Orthopedics and Beyond
Orthopedics is a medical field that specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing musculoskeletal disorders. These disorders affect bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. Orthopedics includes sub-disciplines such as sports health and orthopedic oncology, each serving a distinct purpose in musculoskeletal health.

Sports Health in Orthopedics
Sports health in orthopedics focuses on injuries and conditions related to physical activities. Orthopedic specialists diagnose and treat a range of issues. They can help with anything from minor sprains to complex ligament tears and fractures. To repair damaged joints, tendons, and ligaments, they use techniques like arthroscopic surgery. Their goal is to help athletes and active individuals return to peak performance levels while also preventing future injuries. They achieve this through tailored rehabilitation programs and injury prevention strategies.

Orthopedic Oncology
Orthopedic oncology deals with diagnosing and treating tumors that affect the musculoskeletal system. These tumors can be benign or malignant and originate within the bones, soft tissues, or cartilage. Orthopedic oncologists specialize in managing these conditions using a multidisciplinary approach. This involves surgically removing tumors, reconstructing affected areas, administering chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and monitoring for any recurrence. The aim is to offer complete care that guarantees the best results while maintaining function and mobility.

What are the most common orthopedic surgeries and their causes?
Common orthopedic surgeries address various conditions stemming from degenerative diseases, traumatic injuries, overuse, or structural abnormalities. Total Knee or Hip Replacements (TKR/THR) primarily tackle osteoarthritis-induced joint degeneration, while arthroscopic procedures, like ACL repairs or meniscus interventions, target sports injuries or repetitive strain. Rotator Cuff Repairs aim to mend tendon tears due to overuse, trauma, or aging, whereas Spinal Fusions address instability, fractures, or degenerative disc diseases. ACL Reconstruction responds to ligament tears from sudden movements or sports-related trauma. Carpal Tunnel Releases alleviate median nerve compression in the wrist. Fracture Repairs with Internal Fixation stabilize severe fractures resulting from accidents, falls, or sports mishaps. These surgeries, essential for restoring function and reducing pain, demand precise diagnoses and tailored treatments based on the specific orthopedic condition and its underlying cause.

What are the most common sports injuries and their surgical treatment?
Common sports injuries that often require surgical intervention include anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears requiring repair or reconstruction, meniscal tears treated with repair or partial meniscectomy, and rotator cuff tears requiring arthroscopic repair or reconstruction. Labral tears in the shoulder or hip might also call for arthroscopic procedures to mend or remove the damaged tissue. Ankle ligament tears, severe fractures, tendon ruptures (such as the Achilles or biceps tendon), and other complex injuries may demand surgical approaches like stabilization, fixation with hardware, or tendon repair/reconstruction. Surgical decisions hinge upon factors like injury severity, patient health, sport involved, and post-recovery goals, with postoperative rehabilitation playing a pivotal role in restoring optimal function and mobility.
Contact us for free second medical opinion via: www.acibademinternational.com

ORTHOPEDICS | ACIBADEM

Posted on by Web Master

Musculoskeletal Mastery: Exploring Orthopedics and Beyond
Orthopedics is a medical field that specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing musculoskeletal disorders. These disorders affect bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. Orthopedics includes sub-disciplines such as sports health and orthopedic oncology, each serving a distinct purpose in musculoskeletal health.

Sports Health in Orthopedics
Sports health in orthopedics focuses on injuries and conditions related to physical activities. Orthopedic specialists diagnose and treat a range of issues. They can help with anything from minor sprains to complex ligament tears and fractures. To repair damaged joints, tendons, and ligaments, they use techniques like arthroscopic surgery. Their goal is to help athletes and active individuals return to peak performance levels while also preventing future injuries. They achieve this through tailored rehabilitation programs and injury prevention strategies.

Orthopedic Oncology
Orthopedic oncology deals with diagnosing and treating tumors that affect the musculoskeletal system. These tumors can be benign or malignant and originate within the bones, soft tissues, or cartilage. Orthopedic oncologists specialize in managing these conditions using a multidisciplinary approach. This involves surgically removing tumors, reconstructing affected areas, administering chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and monitoring for any recurrence. The aim is to offer complete care that guarantees the best results while maintaining function and mobility.

What are the most common orthopedic surgeries and their causes?
Common orthopedic surgeries address various conditions stemming from degenerative diseases, traumatic injuries, overuse, or structural abnormalities. Total Knee or Hip Replacements (TKR/THR) primarily tackle osteoarthritis-induced joint degeneration, while arthroscopic procedures, like ACL repairs or meniscus interventions, target sports injuries or repetitive strain. Rotator Cuff Repairs aim to mend tendon tears due to overuse, trauma, or aging, whereas Spinal Fusions address instability, fractures, or degenerative disc diseases. ACL Reconstruction responds to ligament tears from sudden movements or sports-related trauma. Carpal Tunnel Releases alleviate median nerve compression in the wrist. Fracture Repairs with Internal Fixation stabilize severe fractures resulting from accidents, falls, or sports mishaps. These surgeries, essential for restoring function and reducing pain, demand precise diagnoses and tailored treatments based on the specific orthopedic condition and its underlying cause.

What are the most common sports injuries and their surgical treatment?
Common sports injuries that often require surgical intervention include anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears requiring repair or reconstruction, meniscal tears treated with repair or partial meniscectomy, and rotator cuff tears requiring arthroscopic repair or reconstruction. Labral tears in the shoulder or hip might also call for arthroscopic procedures to mend or remove the damaged tissue. Ankle ligament tears, severe fractures, tendon ruptures (such as the Achilles or biceps tendon), and other complex injuries may demand surgical approaches like stabilization, fixation with hardware, or tendon repair/reconstruction. Surgical decisions hinge upon factors like injury severity, patient health, sport involved, and post-recovery goals, with postoperative rehabilitation playing a pivotal role in restoring optimal function and mobility.
Contact us for free second medical opinion via: www.acibademinternational.com

A CAPITAL IN FLUX

Posted on by Digital Editor

A microcosm of Addis Abeba’s vibrant yet convulsive changeover unfolds in the jammed corridors of the Arada District Land Management & Administration Bureau, on Adwa St. Residents, burdened with a mix of hope and anxiety, queue for compensation, a wanting consolation for the upheaval their lives are undergoing due to the city administration’s ambitious urban redevelopment plans. Despite the uncertainty, many find a silver lining in securing a condominium on the city’s outskirts, a bittersweet transition demonstrating the broader shifts affecting over 2,000 households in the District. The backdrop to their stories is Addis Abeba’s acute housing shortage, a crisis exacerbated by an outdated census and a growing demand for affordable homes. The city’s Housing Development Corporation officials are scrambling to address this through the sale of condominium units, aiming to deal with a staggering debt while providing residents with a pathway to homeownership. Yet, the response comes with its own problems, from affordability concerns to the practicalities of adapting to smaller, unfinished living spaces.

Simultaneously, Addis Abeba is undergoing a massive “beautification and modernisation” project, promoted by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed (PhD) and spearheaded by Mayor Adanech Abebie. The project aspires to transform the city’s infrastructure with new roads, bicycle lanes, and green spaces, beginning with an extensive corridor stretching from the Adwa Zero Kilometre Museum to the city’s heart. This ambitious initiative seeks to enhance the capital’s aesthetic appeal and improve its global standing. However, the drive for modernity has its casualties. The demolition of neighbourhoods and displacement of residents have sparked debates about the social and historical costs of such development. While promising economic resurgence, the Grand Corridor Development Project caused the relocation of thousands, raising concerns about the loss of community ties and the erasure of the city’s rich historical legacy.

The perspectives of those directly affected, the compensation and the promise of a new home do little to assuage their fears of job loss and the daunting task of starting anew on the city’s outskirts. It is a sentiment echoed in debates about alternative urban development strategies that focus on decentralised planning, and the development of regional towns could address the need for such disruptive measures. As Addis Abeba stands on the brink of change, a moment of transition for a city striving to reconcile its aspirations for modernity with the impacts on its residents’ lives continued unabated.

Is Addis Abeba “Renewing” While Forsaking Its Soul ?

Posted on by Digital Editor

Addis Abeba has been experiencing rapid expansion over the past two decades. While seemingly progressive, efforts to broaden roads and introduce bike lanes continue to unsettle many of its residents who are subjected to dislocations, resettlement and inconvenience. A profound transformation is underway, mixing ambition and upheaval.

The city authorities would argue that such upheaval is necessary to address the informal settlements, acute housing shortages, and environmental hazards that plague Addis Abeba. Much of the city’s outdated infrastructure is undergoing expansion to accommodate its growing population. Yet, the push for modernisation raises questions about the balance between development and the rights of those it displaces.

Marco Di Nunzio, an anthropologist at the University of Birmingham, has spent two years studying the lives of those at the sharp end of this change. His book, “The Art of Living: Street Life, Marginality, and Development in Urban Ethiopia,” vividly portrays life in the Piassa neighbourhood, where residents face disruption as the city embarks on ambitious public works. The authorities aspire to modernise a city’s infrastructure that often prides itself as Africa’s political and diplomatic heart. But at what cost remains a subject of intense debate.

Di Nunzio was one of the first to voice his indignation at the demolitions and wreckages in the area. His post last week on X, former Twitter, about his misgivings over what happened to a neighbourhood where he once lived for two years perhaps captured the sentiment of many. For him, the demolitions are destroying not only buildings and roads that need upgrading. He argued that this is not just physical displacement but an assault on the citizens’ stake in their city’s present and future.

The authorities may be keen to see broader, safe, and accessible roads dominating the city’s topography. After all, Ethiopia is a country with one of the world’s highest road fatality rates, with 26.7 deaths for 100,000 people annually, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Supported by the United Nations, the city’s authorities have embraced a five-year strategy for non-motorised transport networks to make streets safer for pedestrians and cyclists, including the most vulnerable groups such as children and the physically challenged.

Yet, this effort exists alongside growing inequalities fragmenting the city along socio-economic lines.

Rapid growth in Addis Abeba has not translated into widespread economic prosperity. The urban terrain is defined by high unemployment, sprawling informal settlements, and inadequate public services. Despite significant public spending to alleviate poverty, the poorest residents see little improvement in their living conditions. The gap between intentions and outcomes is particularly glaring in welfare-disadvantaged areas, where resources seem to have been misallocated.

The administration of Mayor Adanech Abebie has embarked on a public relations campaign to showcase the benefits of relocation for those displaced by development projects. A documentary featuring residents resettled to condos on the city’s outskirts paints a rosy picture of gratitude and improved living standards. However, these stories belie the deeper issues of displacement and the redefinition of urban citizenship.

Evictions, justified by the pursuit of modernisation, could be part of a global urban policy trend that often prioritises economic growth over community welfare.

Di Nunzio contends that these policies not only displace people physically but also disrupt the moral and political economy of the city, privileging certain visions of progress over others. The practice, known as “accumulation by dispossession,” has profound implications for distributing entitlements and worth among residents. He challenged the framing of evictions and urban development in terms of “creative destruction”, which complicates the discourse further. He fears that the concept, suggesting that growth demands the clearing away old structures, reinforces market-led notions of justice at the expense of the urban poor.

The Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) and its successor, the Prosperity Party (PP), have pursued such a vision of urban transformation that attempts to marry state control with market liberalisation. However, this approach often prioritises economic growth at the expense of social justice, leading to increased inequalities and reinforcing control mechanisms over the populace. Their leaders may celebrate implementing large-scale projects, such as housing schemes and transit systems, as symbols of progress.

Yet their impact on residents’ lives is mixed. Many promises of improved living conditions remain unfulfilled, overshadowed by affordability and spatial injustice. Despite initial euphoria during the incumbent party’s formative years, the persistence of evictions shows the limitations of development efforts. While signalling commitments to urban regeneration, various projects in the city raise questions about its residents’ rights.

Amidst the push for modernity, the sanctity of property ownership wanes. The loss of historical landmarks, such as those in the Piassa neighbourhood’s Mekonnen Bar, reveals the city’s shifting priorities under the Prosperity Party’s governance. The ongoing public works from Piassa to Bole and from Mexio Square to Ayat, occur during high inflation, limited employment opportunities, and strained financial systems, exacerbated by political instability and high defence spending.

A UNDP study discovered that the city’s poverty rate has resurged from 17.8pc to 24pc since 2016, suggesting a pressing need to reallocate public funds to more immediate concerns rather than infrastructural vanity projects. Yet, the city authorities continue to prioritise road expansions and beautification efforts, reflecting a disconnect between governmental priorities and the lived experiences of Addis Abeba’s residents. Their approach brings forth the limitations of managing urban growth and raises questions about the transparency and accountability of public spending.

While the city’s efforts to improve infrastructure and public safety could be commendable, they can be balanced against its most vulnerable citizens’ pressing needs and rights. The drive towards regeneration, characterised by large-scale projects and infrastructural upgrades, often overlooks the socio-economic disparities that define urban life for many residents. The promise of a modern and improved city comes at the cost of their homes, communities, and historical legacies.

Focusing on aesthetic and infrastructural upgrades while neglecting the urgent needs of education, health, and employment suggests a misalignment of policy priorities. The authorities’ determination to see modernity and progress could be laudable, but it should not overshadow the imperative to address the deep-rooted issues of rising poverty and growing inequality. The challenge lies in crafting a vision of inclusive, equitable urban development that reflects the diverse needs and aspirations of its residents.

In Marco Di Nunzio’s book, the spectre of an uncertain future looms large over two city dwellers whose lives he followed, anchoring them firmly to the immediacies of the present. By neglecting to engage in preliminary consultations, advance notice or seek prior consent from property owners, the city authorities have repeatedly disrupted the urban present, exacerbating the anxieties of its long-standing inhabitants about what tomorrow might bring. Regrettably, such a pattern of governance hardly embodies effective leadership.

CAUGHT IN THE MAELSTROM:Businesses Swept Away by Surging Costs

Posted on by Digital Editor

Three weeks ago, Mintesinot Lemma, the general manager of Mintu Plast Plastic Raw Materials Production Plc, imported 22 shipping containers of plastic raw materials from Oman. What should have been a three-day journey turned into a month and a half, as the vessels changed routes navigating the treacherous waters.

“Everything has changed,” he told Fortune.

Mintesinot highlights the far-reaching impact of changing routes, citing additional shipping costs, delays in settling payments with banks for letters of credit, and disruptions to production schedules. He elucidated that despite the raw material costs increasing from around 1,000 dollars to 1,350 dollars for a ton in recent shipments, the supply remains only sufficient for a 45-day production cycle.

With 12 years of operation, Mintu Plast specialises in producing up to 10tns of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) preforms, bottle caps, and PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC) compounds daily, serving various sectors. Water bottlers represent the largest portion of the Company’s market share.

“Recent rise in bottled water prices can be attributed to this,” Mintesinot remarked, referring to the five Birr increase observed over the past few weeks.

Missile attacks by Houthi militants on vessels in the Bab al-Mandeb Strait, a strategic passage near Yemen, have disrupted over 30pc of the global container trade that transits through the Suez Canal, a crucial link between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. The recent attack on a U.S. ship took place a couple of weeks ago. The disruption has posed significant difficulties to the international flow of goods and has exacerbated inflationary concerns, particularly for African countries.

Average freight costs have surged by nearly 1,500 dollars for a container over the past few months, nearing levels reminiscent of the COVID-19 pandemic, as ships are compelled to navigate longer routes. This surge is corroborated by the World Container Index, which has soared by 151pc since early October 2023, with rates between Asia and Europe experiencing an alarming 284pc increase.

The profound impact of the Red Sea crisis on global trade, particularly for countries heavily reliant on maritime transportation routes like Ethiopia, has become apparent. For the past two decades, Djibouti ports have served as the primary entry point for goods destined for landlocked Ethiopia, boasting a total of 18 berths. Out of the 7.6 million tons of freight goods transported in the first half of this year, an overwhelming 95.1pc transited through Djibouti which relies heavily on the Suez Canal that facilitates nearly 30.6pc of its trade volume.

The chaos has inflicted severe damage on Ethiopia’s commodity exports, with coffee bearing the brunt of the impact. Over 3,000tns of coffee are currently stranded in Djibouti ports, awaiting container ships amidst soaring insurance premiums, which have surged by as much as 2,000 dollars.

Demurrage costs are identified as the primary concern, exacerbating the challenges faced by exporters. The heightened risk of defaults on sales contracts due to the shipping crisis has led to uncertain delivery schedules and additional costs for buyers.

Pulses and oilseeds have fared no better, according to Edao Abdi, president of the Ethiopian Pulses, Oil Seeds & Spices Processors-Exporters Association (EPOSPEA). He expressed concerns about losing customers to competitors in countries unaffected by the crisis, owing to the additional costs associated with importing from East African ports. Edao emphasised that even a modest increase of 100 dollars a ton could significantly influence demand.

“Our competitors will exploit this,” he warned.

The Suez Canal, which boasted a record revenue of 9.4 billion dollars in 2023, has been particularly hard-hit by the ongoing crisis. Serving as the primary conduit for 95pc of trade between Europe and Asia, the canal’s significance cannot be overstated. According to the UN Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD), monthly transits through the Canal witnessed a sharp decline of 37pc year-on-year in January 2024.

Elsabeth Getahun, president of the Ethiopian Freight Forwarders & Shipping Agents Association and CEO of Pan Afric Global, emphasised that all countries bordering the Red Sea corridor have felt the impact. She disclosed that exploratory efforts are underway to use alternative ports in Mombasa or Lamu in Kenya while still leveraging Djibouti ports, as part of the evolving strategy of her 31-year-old company.

“Temporary solutions are paramount,” Elizabeth told Fortune.

Pan Afric is among the three logistics companies recently granted regulatory approval to become one of the first privately owned multimodal logistics operators. Elsabeth underscored the global scale of the crisis while expressing hope for its eventual resolution.

“It [Red Sea route] has been severely compromised,” she said.

However, amidst these losses, some African ports are experiencing a surge in traffic. Port Mombasa in Kenya, in particular, has garnered increasing attention from Ethiopian authorities. It has seen heightened activity to and from ports in the Persian Gulf as more vessels opt for the Cape Hope route.

Meeting the logistics needs of Ethiopia’s 120 million population, spread across a land area of around 1.12 million square meters, calls for diversified port alternatives, regardless of global shipping crises. Abdulber Shemsu, director of the Ethiopian Maritime Authority, underscores the importance of developing logistics capabilities in all directions to mitigate the sensitivity of trade flow disruptions.

“We’ve not been uniquely impacted thus far,” he told Fortune.

Abdulber noted that Ethiopian ships have not been targeted in attacks thus far, with only one shipping liner suspending operations toward exposed ports. Despite major ocean carriers such as Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, and MSC suspending Red Sea transits and warning clients of prolonged disruptions, Abdulber characterises Ethiopia as being at the receiving end of a global geopolitical deadlock.

He highlights the use of the Lamu port in Kenya, reflecting on its initial establishment to primarily serve the needs of South Sudan and Ethiopia. Currently capable of managing a 28tns weight per container, Abdulber notes the government’s lead in importing fertiliser through the port. He anticipates that ongoing road expansions and harmonisation of transport standards between the two countries will position Lamu as a viable port alternative in the near term.

Frustrated with minimum invoice requirements from Djibouti ports in October of last year, some foreign-owned manufacturing companies have already begun diverting their inputs through the Mombasa port.

Hibret Lema, head of the investor association in Hawassa Industrial Park, reveals that most manufacturers are now paying 2,000 dollars for a 40ft container to import inputs through the Kenyan alternative. He stresses that the time-sensitivity of most products has compelled exporters to opt for longer routes to meet delivery quotas, despite encountering new hurdles imposed by customs officials and transport authorities.

“Cross-border drivers require permits from transport authorities,” Hibret said. “But the process lacks expediency in its granting.”

He also highlights recent restrictions imposed by customs authorities on franco valuta items, further complicating the manufacturers’ production cycle.

“In times of a significant crisis,” Hibret laments, “we hoped for more cooperation from the authorities.” The latest regulatory restriction has resulted in three containers being stranded at the Moyale Customs Branch, incurring nearly 250 dollars in daily fees.

With its substantial capacity, the state-owned Ethiopian Shipping & Logistics (ESL) operates 11 vessels, which cater to nearly 90pc of the country’s logistics demand.

Beriso Amalo (PhD), CEO of ESL, suggested that the Red Sea crisis has had no discernible impact on the enterprise thus far, with no reports compiled on any partners halting operations.

“Business has remained unaffected,” he said.

Directives have not been issued from higher officials on the operational modalities for the emerging port alternatives. However, a month ago, several carriers, including partners of state-owned enterprises, totalling nearly 621 container ships, rerouted their operations through the Cape of Good Hope.

In the meantime, Ethiopia is seeking to open up the logistics sector to increase private-sector participation. The Ministry of Transport & Logistics has granted permission for three operators to commence multimodal logistics services within six months.

One such company is Cosmos Multimodal Plc, which was recently formed through a three-way merger involving Gada Transport & Logistics S.C., Tradepath International Plc, and Awash Transport, with a capital of 350 million Br. Getu Hunduma, the Company’s general manager, emphasised that international logistics operations are not solely influenced by the preferences of individual governments but necessitate cooperative engagements between multiple countries.

“We depend on peaceful conditions for our service,” he told Fortune.

The Red Sea crisis has been compounded by a decrease in transit vessels crossing the Panama Canal due to drought and the blockade in the Black Sea resulting from the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

Sileshi Ayalew, general manager of the Ethiopian Chemical Products Manufacturers Association, highlighted the increasing complaints about delays over the past few months. Companies importing raw materials are grappling with sub-optimal production and cost overruns. He explained that a significant portion of the input comes from Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and China, whose typical shipping routes intersect with the danger area.

“I’m concerned about the potential price surge on food items,” he told Fortune.

Rerouting vessels entails additional costs, including fuel expenses, loss of value for time-sensitive cargo, and heightened security considerations, such as the risk of piracy off the Horn of Africa. Consequently, there has been a surge in insurance and legal claims from companies whose vessels experience delays, disruptions in shipments, damages to ships, and spoilage of cargo.

A significant shareholder in one of the leading chemical importing companies who chose to remain anonymous speaks about the challenges faced. He revealed that shipments from Europe, scheduled for January were received just two weeks ago after a staggering 63-day delay.

“The impact has been immense,” the shareholder disclosed. He said letters of credit obtained from commercial banks typically have a 90-day window. However, due to the prolonged delay, service charge rates doubled from 19pc within a day.

He revealed that to uphold their delivery schedules, they have resorted to purchasing chemicals from competitors at nearly three times the usual price. This desperate measure underscores the lengths to which businesses are willing to go to maintain operations amidst the disruptions plaguing the shipping industry.

Regrettably, the shareholder stated: “We don’t anticipate profits this year.”

JP Morgan, the American financial institution with operations in over 100 countries, provided an estimation of the global forecast last month. It stated that the disruptions in the Red Sea “could add 0.7 percentage points to global core goods inflation and 0.3 percentage points to overall core inflation during the first half of 2024.”

In response to the challenges posed by the gridlock, some Ethiopian logistics experts advocate for the establishment of an ad hoc committee comprising government logistics stakeholders, similar to the one created to address security concerns in the Amhara Regional State. They believe that such a committee could help mitigate the impact of the crisis.

Matiwos Ensermu (PhD), a highly respected logistics academic, acknowledges the importance of continuing shipments through the Red Sea on Ethiopian ships while concurrently developing capabilities through the ports in Kenya as an alternative solution. He recognises that it will take some time before logistics operations with Kenya become as efficient as those with Djibouti, citing initial challenges such as differences in driving regulations.

“Even if it incurs additional costs, it is imperative to take action,” he told Fortune.

He underscores the diplomatic sensitivity of the situation and emphasises the delicate geopolitical balance required to avoid upsetting any involved parties unnecessarily. Meanwhile, Matiwos observes that Ethiopia’s internal logistics deficiencies exacerbate the impact of external pressures, foreseeing a slight increase in the prices of certain items.

“Our internal challenges may be even more significant than the issues in the Red Sea,” he said.