Two Local Firms Vie to Supply Bulk Rebar

Two local companies are vying to supply 21,761tn of rebar for various projects in the city with an estimated value of over 300 million Br.

C & E Brothers Steel Factory and Mohammed Hassan Adem Import & Export made the financial offers for the supply of the rebar. The rebar will be used for the construction of middle-income housing schemes and other projects that will be undertaken by the city’s Roads and Water & Sewerage authorities.

Held on August 16, 2019, the financial offer of C & E Brothers and Mohammed Hassan Adem Import & Export were opened at the premises of the Addis Abeba Public Procurement & Property Disposal Agency located in Lideta District, Senga Tera. The Agency is procuring nine types of rebar with thicknesses that range between six millimeters and 32mm.

C & E Brothers vied for two types of steel having diameters of 12mm and 16mm. For the two types of steel C & E Brothers offered the same price of 37,790 Br for a tonne.

C & E Brothers, a company that has been in business since 2008, produces different types of rebar at its plant located in Bishoftu. The factory was established with one billion Birr in capital and has an annual production capacity of 500,000tn of rebar.

Mohammed Hassan bid for five types of rebar, offering 47,092 Br for a tonne of 12mm rebar and 49,141 Br for a tonne of 16mm rebar. The company also offered 48,582.90 Br a tonne for 20mm rebar, 48,672.80 Br for a tonne of 14mm rebar and 47,752.50 Br for a tonne of 24mm rebar.

Floated on February 26, 2018, the bid drew the interest of over 30 companies. But six of them submitted their technical and financial offers. While the two finalists reached the financial evaluation stage, Abyssinia Integrated Steel, Tokuma Fite Steel Importer, Habesha Steel and Steely RMI did not clear the bar for the technical stage.

Except for Habesha Steel, the three companies filed complaints about the technical evaluation result to the Agency first and then to the city’s Finance Bureau.

“The Agency and the Bureau validated the technical result, stating that no error was made,” said a source at the Agency. “Then we proceeded with the financial opening.”

In the country, there are about 190 companies registered to manufacture iron and steel products. These companies have an annual production capacity of 5.9 million tonnes of steel a year. Still, the country spends over 1.3 billion dollars a year to procure 6.6 million tonnes of billets to meet the demand.

Abebe Dinku (Prof.),  a civil engineer and a university lecturer with over three decades of experience, says that the price of rebar is very expensive in the country due to the severe foreign exchange shortage.

As of August 21, 2019, the price of rebar in the international market stood at 444.5 dollars a tonne, according to the London Metal Exchange.

“On top of that, the import of rebar is monopolised by a small number of importers,” said Abebe, “which caused the price inflation.”

Oromia Bank Goes Live with Upgraded Solution

Oromia International Bank, a decade-old private commercial bank, has gone live with an advanced core banking solution procured for one million dollars.

ICS Financial System (ICSFS), a company from the United Kingdom, developed the system that works for interest-free, corporate internet, retail and mobile banking services. The system was fully implemented last month after the duo signed the agreement two years ago.

ICSFS secured the project after vying with seven other companies. FLEX CUBC and ICSFS both passed the technical evaluation and demonstration stages.

After discussing the proposed systems by the two companies with foreign banks that have already implemented their systems, OIB decided to procure the solution developed by ICSFS, according to Wolde Bulto, vice president of Oromia International Bank, which has 32.1 billion Br in assets and 2.4 billion Br in paid-up capital.

To get training on how to use the system, 40 staff members of the bank traveled to Asia and Europe. The bank officials also traveled to Nigeria and Lebanon, where the same system is being used, checking on how those banks are managing the system.

The new system replaced Omni Enterprise CBS Solution, that was developed by Indian technology firm Infrasoft Technologies Ltd. The old system was developed five years ago.

“It was implemented when the Bank had a relatively low level of transactions compared to recent times,” according to Wolde.

Currently, the Bank has around 1.5 million active customers and 267 branches across the country.

“Thus, our bank had to search for a new system that could speed up its operations,” Wolde told Fortune.

The old system took two to three hours to process end-of-day transactions, and the new system reduced this to less than 30 minutes. The monthly closing process, which required spending a night, is now done in 45 minutes using the new system.

The software suite future-proof banking activities by providing a broad range of features and capabilities with more agility and flexibility, to enrich customer experience, according to a statement from ICSFS, a company that was established in 2004 and provides business and technology solutions for financial institutions.

The new system also upgrades the Bank’s interest-free banking software. The solution is designed and developed in line with the principles of Shari’ah law in compliance with the accounting and auditing procedures of Islamic financial institutions.

Oromia International Bank, which operates with 5,000 employees, is one of the first private banks that launched interest-free banking window service in Ethiopia.

“After the implementation of the new system,” Wolde said, “it showed a performance gain that significantly enhanced our client’s banking experiences compared to the old system.”

The Bank also launched several electronic banking initiatives, such as a bank card called Oro-Card (ATM and PoS), a mobile banking solution dubbed Oro-Cash, an agent banking project called Oro Agent, and an internet banking programme called Oro-Click.

Commencing operations in 2008 with subscribed and paid-up capital of 279.2 million Br and  91.2 million Br, respectively, the Bank has mobilised 26.5 billion Br in deposits in the recently ended fiscal year. It also disbursed 17.4 billion Br worth of loans and advances.

Tsega Tibebu, a PhD candidate and a lecturer at Bahir Dar University’s College of Business and Economics, commented that the system upgrade at the Bank will play an immense role in letting it control fraud and illegal money movements.

“It will also ease the transaction process and save time,” he said.

 

Center Emerges to Train Leather Specialists

The World Bank has pledged 24 million dollars for the construction of the first Centre of Excellence for leather processing and technological advancement.

Planned to be constructed by the Federal Technical, Vocational Education & Training Institute, the Centre will have an administration building with offices, meeting rooms, a server room, a library, a conference hall, first aid facility, a call centre, and a lounge. It will also have classroom and workshop buildings with laboratories and storerooms.

The Centre will be equipped with raw materials for the manufacturing of leather, measuring and precision tools, minibuses, pallet trucks, generators, air compressors, transformers, various grinder machines, horizontal band saw machines and universal testing machines.

The Centre will produce a workforce that can implement good governance systems, cutting edge technologies and modern infrastructure at a national level, according to Haftom G. Egziabiher, deputy director-general for academics at the Institute, which resides at the former Ethio-China Polytechnic College and was upgraded into an institute in 2011 to provide graduate and post-graduate programmes.

“It aims at creating trainers in the leather sector,” Haftom said.

The World Bank approved the project on June 11, 2019, after a year and a half trial period in which the staff of the Bank evaluated the efficiency and activities of the Institute, which started training with 500 students but now trains 9,000 students in 22 separate degree programmes and eight master’s degree programmes.

To hire a project unit coordinator, the Institute floated a tender last week. The project unit coordinator will be tasked with preparing bid documents for hiring a contractor and consultant.

The Centre will be designing high-quality academic programmes, effective internal and external governance systems, industry linkages and revenue generation programmes.

The World Bank pledged to finance the Institute as part of its East Africa Skills for Transformation and Regional Integration project. The Bank’s project was launched to improve the quality of TVET programmes in selected regional institutes and to support regional integration in East Africa with a budget of 246 million dollars.

The project has been implemented in 16 regional TVET institutes in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. Seven Ethiopian TVET institutes benefit from this project with a budget of 150 million dollars. Training is provided for transport, energy, manufacturing and ICT areas and offers certificates, diplomas and degrees.

It was implemented at Meles Zenawi Memorial TVET Polytechnic College and Ethiopia Railway Academy [on the railway], Kombolcha TVET Polytechnic College [on the road], at General Wingate Polytechnic College [on power and energy] and at the federal TVET Institute [on tool making and leather]. It was also implemented at Hawassa and Holeta Polytechnic colleges on textiles and agro-processing, respectively.

The Institute has 15 satellite campuses in four regional states –  Amhara, Oromia, Tigray and Southern Nations, Nationalities, & People’s – and the two administrative cities. The country has 500 TVET colleges run by the government.

Through funding that is secured from Germany, China, Finland, the Netherlands, the World Bank, KOICA, KFW and GIZ, the Institute invested 220 million Br for teacher’s residential apartments, which are nearly completed at Bole Arabsa.

Getaneh Terefe, the founder of GT Consulting Engineers, believes that the Centre would play an immense role in reducing the unemployment rate.

“It will produce skilled manpower and professional human resources,” said Getaneh.

Getaneh also believes that unemployment can be addressed by expanding this kind of centre in all TVET colleges.

 

GIZ Drafts Sludge Management Guideline

The German development agency has drafted a new guideline on how to manage and reuse sludge discharged from textile and garment plants.

Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH designed the guideline with the main aim of improving social and environmental standards in textile and garment factories in Ethiopia. So far, the country does not have a standard for sludge management, though most leather and textile companies find it difficult to deal with this byproduct.

The guideline, which took two years to be designed at a cost of four million euros, was discussed and validated with stakeholders during a workshop held at Hilton Hotel Addis Abeba on August 23, 2019. It differentiates dangerous types of sludge and points out treatment methods to turn sludge into a resource for other uses.

Representatives from the Environment, Forest & Climate Change Commission, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Ethiopian Textile & Garment Manufacturers Association, Ethiopia Textile Industry Development Institute, Industry Parks Development Corporation of Ethiopia and Ethiopia Ministry of Labor & Social Affairs attended the validation workshop.

The guideline will also serve as a strategic document for reviewing policy and law, as well as prepare standards for hazardous waste management including sludge, according to Ayele Hegena (PhD), director of policy, legislation and standard research and development at the Environment, Forest & Climate Change Commission.

“There are 30 years of sludge accumulated in different industries,” said Ayele. “The new industries are facing the same challenge.”

There are 1,345 textile, apparel, garment and leather projects registered by the Ethiopian Investment Commission and the regional investment bureaus. Out of this total, only 16pc of them are operational, while the remaining are at the implementation and pre-implementation stages.

The textile industry is growing at an average of 51pc for the past five years, and 65 international textile companies have registered in the country. Last year, the country generated 110 million dollars from the export of textile products, meeting only 46pc of the goal.

GIZ designed the guideline under the sustainable textile programme (eTex), in which it works with different bodies to improve the capacity of inspectors at the Ministry of Labor & Social Affairs and the Commission.

Zerihun Getaneh, a lecturer at Addis Abeba University’s School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, comments that the primary focus has to be changing the sludge into resources.

“Sludge could be used after passing through adequate treatment,” he said. “Treated sludge can have a similar nature to fertiliser or can be turned into an input for construction work.”

According to Zerihun, when exporting textiles to different countries, one of the requirements is the environmental management standard of the exporter.

“In addition to the quality of the product, the extent to which the manufacturer treats sludge determines the acceptance and price of textile products,” said Zerihun, “so it will be beneficial if the government can set standards for sludge management for the manufacturers.”

Industrial parks in the country, where textile companies are operating, also implemented Zero Liquid Discharge, a treatment process to remove all the liquid waste from a system. Hawassa Industrial Park is the pioneer in having a Zero Liquid Discharge system that was developed and managed by Arvind Evisol Plc for two years.

Commission Writes Strategy to Recycle Car Batteries

A joint effort between the government and development partners will recycle car batteries, which are known for environmental contamination and can be toxic if humans become exposed to them.

The Environment, Forest & Climate Change Commission and GIZ initiated the draft of a road map detailing short, mid and long-term plans in recycling the batteries.

Expected to have an implementation cost of 1.1 million euros, the finance will be covered by the European Union under its Energising Development Partnership. The road map is planned to be released in November 2019.

The draft road map was tabled for discussion on August 22, 2019, with representatives from the Ministry of Irrigation & Electricity, the Commission, non-governmental organisations, universities and the private sector. The participants discussed the structure and approach that would be taken to tackle the problem.

Collection and recycling of car batteries are economically attractive with prices ranging from 1,600 dollars to 2,500 dollars a tonne of scrap lead, according to the road map.

The batteries contain large quantities of acid, lead residues and lead compounds that have a potential to contaminate soil, groundwater and the atmosphere, causing irreversible damage to human health, especially to the nervous system.

If these batteries are not professionally collected, dismantled, disposed or re-furbished, they cause irreversible intoxication to communities and the surrounding environment, according to Tadese Amere (PhD), director at the Pesticide Action Nexus Association.

“There is a widespread lack of awareness about the environmental and health risks related to battery recycling,” reads the document. “Most stakeholders will need guidance and technical support to become compliant with the most recent and progressive legislation on e-waste and hazardous waste management.”

In Ethiopia, the usage of lead-acid batteries in the off-grid electrification and transport sectors is expected to grow given the national electrification strategies and the steady increase in the number of vehicles in the country, according to Ayele Hegena (PhD), director-general for environmental policy, laws and standards at the Commission.

Awash Auto Batteries is one of the private-sector partners that supports the Commission’s road map. Established in 2009, Awash recycles scrap lead batteries and supplies them to the market.

Awash buys old batteries from retail shops at Merkato and Aroge Tera to recycle and supply them to organisations such as Anbessa City Bus Service Enterprise and Ethiopian Electric Power, according to Tsegaye Atakileti, a distributor at Awash.

The Ethiopian recycling industry for e-waste products in general and battery acid, in particular, is still in its infancy with only a few industrial-level recycling companies established, according to Ayele.

“Improved used lead-acid battery life-cycle management in Ethiopia will reduce the risk of lead and acid-related contamination to humans and the environment,” Ayele said.

The detailed implementation of the road map will be developed under three pillars, which are an economic incentive for used lead-acid battery handlers, as well as capacity development for the private sector and the public sector.

The road map is very important in reducing the lead-acid effects on the environment, according to Woldeamlak Bewket (Prof.), dean of the College of Social Sciences at Addis Abeba University.

“It should be implemented using qualified human resources, adequate financial resources and quality raw materials, which are usually the challenges faced by these kinds of projects,” said Woldeamlak.

The expert believes the development of the road map should be a joint effort between different institutions.

A lost opportunity for Ethio Telecom

Ethio telecom, the sole telecom provider in Ethiopia, is one of the largest mobile operators in Africa. The latest earnings report released by Ethio telecom showed that it had generated nearly 1.3 Billion dollars in revenue, a 7pc increase compared to the previous year despite significant tariff discounts. Ethio telecom’s total subscribers have also reached 43.6 million, which resulted in a teledensity of 44.5pc.

Competition in the telecom sector will be a reality soon. The government has decided to open the telecom sector for three operators, including the partial privatisation of Ethio telecom. Vodacom, MTN, Orange and Etisalat are among the interested telecom companies eyeing up the Ethiopian market.

Safaricom, Kenya’s biggest mobile network provider, announced revenue of 2.4 billion dollars. The mobile payments platform, M-PESA, which is used by two out of five Kenyans, generated almost a third of total revenues (728 million dollars). Safaricom predicts that M-PESA’s revenue will surpass 50pc of total revenue in three years.

M-PESA currently has 31.6 million active users, but it’s not only Safaricom that has a mobile banking platform. From the companies eyeing up the Ethiopian market: MTN Mobile Money has 24.1 million active users in 14 countries. Vodacom has 13.4 million active users of M-PESA in Tanzania, DR Congo, Mozambique and Lesotho markets. Orange money is one of the leading growth drivers for Orange and has 39 million users across Africa and the Middle East, with active users around 39pc.

In Ethiopia, according to Directive No. FIS/01/2012, only financial institutions that are licensed by the National Bank are allowed to engage in mobile banking services, a bank-led model. This has made for a messy and siloed market, as licensees have busied themselves by building up their respective agent networks independently.

This is reflected in the latest Findex report on Ethiopia, which says that 0.3pc of the population have mobile money accounts in Ethiopia compared to the sub-Saharan average of 21pc and 73pc in Kenya. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, the largest bank in the country, has 20 million users, but mobile and internet banking users are just around 1.7 million. Usually, low mobile phone subscription is blamed for low mobile money account penetration, but this is not the case in Ethiopia.

Around the world, the Mobile Network Operators (MNO) led mobile money models, with the bank as a deposit holder are common. This has been very successful in Africa. The most successful MNO-led mobile money has from five to ten times as many clients as bank-centric approaches. These MNOs are built to scale and momentum by near ubiquitous distribution networks, a vast number of customers and superior client experience. For example, MTN, the largest telecom in Africa, has more than 171 million customers, whereas the leading pan-African banks typically have between 15 million to 20 million customers.

Telecom companies have also managed to develop a superior client experience. M-PESA’s client experience is remarkably simple: it takes only three inputs and six clicks to send funds on any type of handset.

Major critiques levied against bank-led models are less dynamism, misaligned incentives and out of touch understanding of mobile technology. In 2013, IFC’s Mobile Money scoping report singled out India’s bank-led model as a contributing factor to the low growth of mobile banking.

Sub-Saharan Africa leads the globe in Mobile Money account ownership, with over 21 percent of its population owning such an account. This has enhanced financial inclusion and new avenues of financial access for the poor, which have otherwise faced financial exclusion.

Tvaneet Suri and William Jack, in a much-cited paper published in Science Journal, reported that M-PESA increased per capita consumption levels and lifted 194,000 households, or 2pc of Kenyan households, out of poverty. This demonstrates that it is possible to make a profit while also improving the lives of the poor.

If our aim is to increase financial inclusion and improve Ethiopian lives, research shows that MNO led model is more effective than the bank-led one. Directive No. FIS/01/2012 needs to be improved by allowing MNOs to start mobile banking operations.

Making Migration Work for Everyone

In a globalised world, migration is a fact of life that should be governed accordingly. To that end, it is time to establish what I call “Migration Order 3.0,” a new framework that would make migration work for everyone.

Until World War II, transnational human mobility was subject to Migration Order 1.0: immigration controls were established solely at the national level by governments. After the war, international institutions such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the forerunner to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) were created to manage refugee and migrant flows, primarily from and within Europe. During this era of Migration Order 2.0, the movement of people across national borders was governed by mutually agreed norms, standards and practices.

Large-scale, cross-border movements of people, however, have exposed fault lines in that post-war framework. We now know that Migration Order 2.0 is inadequate to the task at hand. According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, most migrants tend to move within their own continents, and not necessarily toward the destinations that one would assume.

Moreover, interconnected global forces are ushering in a new phase of migration, defined by different dynamics than in the past. A global shift in the balance of power has created new geopolitical tensions, and governance failures have led to armed conflicts and civil wars, violent extremist movements, and the rise of ultra-nationalism and populism in many countries. The world is experiencing a violent backlash against globalisation, rising inequality, and sudden labor-market disruptions.

Social inequities, humanitarian crises, demographic changes, and identity politics all pose a challenge to a development paradigm that was supposed to leave no one behind. At the same time, climate change and biodiversity loss are threatening to displace entire populations from vulnerable locations around the world.

In the past, the movement of people tended to follow four broad patterns: migration for work, education, and family; irregular migration, mostly due to human trafficking; cross-border displacements triggered by conflicts and natural disasters; and refugees fleeing persecution. But these four categories have increasingly begun to overlap, which places strain on a system that was designed to manage each type separately.

Today’s mixed migratory patterns demand a more cohesive yet differentiated approach. The costs of maintaining the status quo in response to disorderly migration cannot be ignored. Growing anxieties among host populations are causing an unwarranted backlash, with far-reaching negative implications for economic and political systems. There is also a moral dimension to consider: migrants in all categories are increasingly vulnerable to abuse, owing to lack of access to resources and power.

Fortunately, there are realistic options for improving migration governance. With objective information about migration and its consequences, we can dispel popular misperceptions and reduce social tensions. We can also design and implement policies that will secure the many benefits of migration. Investment in empowering migrants is a win-win proposition for everyone. The vicious cycle of migration, economic hardship, and social backlash can be turned into a virtuous cycle of integration and economic growth.

Of course, all of this is easier said than done. National sovereignty and universal human rights can be difficult to reconcile. Governments struggle to strike a balance between realizing the economic gains of migration, protecting native-born citizens’ interests, and ensuring national security. And it doesn’t help that the capacity and resources for governing migration effectively are often in short supply.

Nonetheless, the international community is making progress toward overcoming these challenges. The UN Sustainable Development Agenda includes a specific target (Target 10.7) for optimising migration governance. And the new Global Compact on Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM) provides a non-binding framework to guide countries and other stakeholders toward a more comprehensive approach.

The GCM’s implementation is being overseen by the IOM. Astute observers will note that the GCM’s provisions are perfectly aligned with the principles and objectives that governments have already embraced under the Sustainable Development Agenda and the IOM’s Migration Governance Framework. It does not offer a silver bullet, but it will serve as the blueprint for building a workable Migration Order 3.0.

The final text of the GCM was agreed only last year. As always, mustering a constructive multilateral effort will take political will. But the GCM promises to make migration work for everyone. The only question is how long it will take governments and other stakeholders to recognise it as a powerful tool for addressing the geopolitical dimensions of migration and unite around realising its potential.

 

Back to School

Now that Buheis over and Filsetais done, here in Addis, it is that time of the year. Back to school time. The rainy season does not seem to want to go quietly and is still threatening us with its last gasp cold showers. But it knows its days are numbered.

Families are returning from long vacations spent outside the country or in the backcountry. Bags, carelessly thrown under the bed in the delightful euphoria of anticipation of a long layoff, are being looked for and dusted off for another year of slog and hard work.

Only it does not seem like it was a long layoff at all. Why time travels so fast during vacations and so slowly during the school year is a mystery no science teacher has been able to explain so far.

Explained or not, the time arrives like clockwork and children the world over go through the same yearly ritual. It is a globally shared experience. It was not always so.

The consensus seems to be that the idea that childhood should be dedicated to education started around 10,000 years ago with the advent of agriculture. Before that, hunter-gatherer kids learned through play and exploration. Survival skills were taught by doing and modelling. Besides, survival was, an all hands on deck, full-time struggle. Children had to earn their keep the same as adults. Dedicated schooling time was a luxury they could not even imagine.

But with the advent of agriculture and the resulting surplus production, at least some parents could afford to have some of the many kids they were having now, mainly the boys, dedicate many years of their childhood for learning. Unfortunately, this resulted in a two-tier class structure – those who come from families who can afford to educate them, meaning from the landholding class. And the landless who were now condemned also to be the uneducated. Those with means soon became the learned and the poor remaining the uninitiated.

Compulsory and universal public education developed around the 16th century in Europe. It really took off with the Industrial revolution. The new Rfactories now needed workers that have at least rudimentary skills to operate machines that required repetitive tasks.

This idea of schools as one cog in the supply chain of industry, the goal of teaching being the production of capable workers for factories, is behind the boring part of school we all hated.  The numbing repetitiveness of the citation of facts and figures, the dull memorization of dates and events are the results of this vocationalism school of thought.

Ethiopian school curricula, with all the revisions and iterations, remain highly focused on this boring and labourer producing aspect of education. Coupled with the hierarchical culture that sees teachers as primarily the enforcers of discipline and hard work, it has made schools less fun than they should be. They are not places of wonder and innovation that cultivate a well-rounded mind.

Teachers are disproportionately focused on the enforcement of discipline and hard work than sparking curiosity and encouraging creativity. I was recently shocked when I saw the amount of homework that was given to my four-year-old cousin. I was dumbfounded he had to study for a test!

This functional and vocational thinking about education has not been constructive. It has affected the institutions of higher learning even more. Instead of a liberal arts education that endeavours to build a well-rounded student who is an excellent critical thinker and problem solver and can communicate effectively in addition to excelling in their chosen field of study, they have been producing poor technicians.

There has been a belated recognition of that recently, and the government is trying to make some changes. It is a welcome relief. Better late than never. The country cannot afford to keep producing poor technicians for factories it does not even have. What it needs are innovators and problem solvers.

So when I take my daughter back to school this year, what I am hoping for is that she will have a teacher who sees his role as not an enforcer of a code of discipline and a heritage of rote memorization but primarily that of a kindler of curiosity and creativity. Maybe then time in the school year will fly as fast as in her vacation.

ETHIOPIAN DREAMERS

On a grim rainy Addis evening, I sat talking to a friend of my brother’s; he said, “this is my last trip to Ethiopia, I am done.” This surprising declaration comes from a young man that has been investing in Ethiopia for 10 years. This was his last stretch, exclaiming “Ethiopia has potential everyone can see but very few can touch.” He left Ethiopia once and for all.

Ethiopia’s population is estimated at 104 million, with 41pc under the age of 15. More than 28pc are aged 15 to 29. Youth unemployment is estimated at nearly 27 percent, according to the USAID Fact Sheet from 2017.

Aid agencies and the government attempt to curb the exodus of youth, but even with their massive resources, they have not been able to stop the far reach of brokers and traffickers. This is not a new tragedy. It is simply one we have not addressed efficiently. Ethiopians are still dying at sea in search of a better life and a meaningful purpose.

On one occasion, an acquaintance mentioned to me his plans to make an illegal journey through Libya. I was distraught at his decision, yet relieved that he was seeking advice before taking on this desperate journey. He mentioned the night school degree he had been working on and how he was not paid enough at his current job. He said, “I thought getting this degree was going to change things for me.”

Four years of night school and multiple self-help seminars later, he was still in the same position he had started and desperate for change. He was tired of being offered ways for a better life, which in fact did not pan out. With multiple ploys from family and friends, he stayed in Ethiopia and eventually found something to be passionate about. It was not always about the money but finding a sense of purpose.

The pragmatism of addressing unemployment with innovation is at a standstill, as internet shuts off and regulations breath in and out of parliament. We learn that it is no longer about merely getting degrees, and depending on the government or aid for solutions, it is about giving space to those who already have solutions at hand. As people leave Ethiopia legally or illegally, the big picture is that they are giving up.

Innovative ideas have tremendous potential to tackle our unemployment dilemma. With dynamic local initiatives like the Information and Communication Technology Expo displaying bold themes like Innovate Ethiopia, and Innovate Africa taking place in Addis Abeba, we see a pattern.

Beyond the technological understanding, innovation is the improvement of processes. While most implement innovative measures to maintain the cultural status quo, how about using those same tools to encourage change?

In recognising that innovative changes to better Ethiopian lives takes time and energy, we have some who are invested for the long haul. And the failure lies in the government and society at large not supporting them enough.

But creatives like the photographer Aida Muluneh are doing their share. She pushed her own artistry while inspiring young people to develop successful photography careers.

Music producer Rophnan has not only become successful but is taking the time to educate youth on the music production industry. He is at the forefront of initiating young people into what success in the arts can be. Our nation needs varied industries that can employ and inspire.

Betelhem Dessie, who is the youngest tech pioneer, and is currently working on projects that highlight youth innovation and investment all over Ethiopia, is another one.

Samrawit Fikru of Ride and Feleg Tsegaye’s Deliver Addis are behind two innovative applications that have created opportunities for change. Even with an idea of keeping costs low, employment and convenience high, both have faced so many trials and tribulations from society as well as the government

While idealistically, we know where we wish Ethiopia to be headed, to make positive, productive decisions each day is not easy. But what these individuals and their companies have done is believe in Ethiopians. It is this type of steadfast faith that is keeping our nation together.

While it would be too easy to point fingers at the government failing to assist these innovators, it is also the responsibility of many others in the society at large. There are sectors that have flourished within Ethiopia who seem only keen at lining their own pockets. Ethiopia needs its dreamers and problem solvers, not only those with flashy cars and attitudes.

ONCE UPON A TIME IN HOLLYWOOD WITH TARANTINO

Every two, three or four years since the early 1990s, Quentin Tarantino has been making movies that managed to enrich not just cinema but pop culture itself. He has made nine movies since 1992, and his worst, Death Proof, would have been a masterpiece had it belonged in almost any other contemporary director’s filmography.

His latest, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, is a film that further demonstrates a movie is most mesmerising when made by a person, such as Tarantino, Martin Scorsese or Paul Thomas Anderson, with great reverence for the art form.

This is perhaps why Tarantino’s movies do not say anything grand about the human condition. We do not learn any great mystery about the reality of our universe from watching any one of his movies.

What we glimpse instead is how stupefying and numbingly awesome cinema really is. He is more concerned with the brilliance of the medium – film – itself than representing reality with it. He is less of an artist that wants to make some sociopolitical statements and more of a maestro that tries to immerse us in the audio-visual brilliance of great cinema.

The stories and the characters he creates are so gleefully larger than life, such brilliant cinematic caricatures of reality, we are ultimately convinced that Tarantino is an artist for the sake of art.

It should be evident that he would never take historical episodes, like how Hitler met his demise, and dramatise them as they are. He much prefers to show us how they would have looked had these pieces of history taken place in a movie, as he did with Inglorious Basterds, where Hitler is gunned down in a – where else? – movie theatre.

Once Upon a Time in Hollywood shares an element of Inglorious Basterds in taking an actual occurrence – the Tate Murders – and taking liberties in how they turn out. The film also has similarities to Tarantino’s masterpiece, Pulp Fiction, in having multiple narratives – though chronologically told in the movie – that finally converge.

The film is about TV star Rick Dalton (Leonardo DiCaprio) and his close friend and stunt double Cliff Booth (Brad Pitt). Rick lives next door to Sharon Tate, the real-life actress and victim of the Manson family, who is played here by Margot Robbie, and her husband Roman Polanski, director of masterpieces such as Rosemary’s Baby and Chinatown.

The TV star had tried and failed to break into movie stardom and is experiencing a mid-life crisis. His stunt double, on the other hand, a loner and possible wife-killer, spends his days wandering in isolation. Their next-door neighbour, on the other hand, is an up and coming star that is progressing in her career.

As the duo struggle to find a sense of direction to their lives, and Tate traverses Los Angeles in wonder, a cult by Charles Manson prepares to unleash into late 1960s Hollywood the kind of horror and violence the film industry was churning out. The ending is as unexpected as it is exuberantly distinct from the truth.

As in every Tarantino movie, it is the style and dialogue that add colour to the film. The legendary director employs subtitles, narration, split screen, slow motion, casual conversations, homages and a flashback to tell his story. This movie being the closest thing he has made to Pulp Fiction, it uses multiple narratives not so much to advance the plot but immerse the audience into the lives of its characters and the mystique of 1960s Los Angeles.

The dialogue, as always with a Tarantino movie, is to die for. It is obviously not how real people talk. Regular people do not have a beat when they converse, employ a wide range of vocabulary or utilise perfect grammar. But characters in the universe of Tarantino do.

They are so well-spoken and articulate, it is spellbinding. There is no scene with dialogue similar to the masterful tavern scene in Inglorious Basterds, but that is a high bar, and what he does in this movie with conversations is almost paranormal.

But every great script requires gifted actors to bring it to life, and that is what DiCaprio and Pitt – whose on-screen chemistry is impressive considering their individual star-power – do for this movie. It is hard to say who the better actor was here.

DiCaprio has several standout moments in the film, especially in scenes where he is playing Dalton acting in a movie. He somehow manages to channel the insecurity of the character he is playing while the character himself is playing a villain in a TV movie. How he is able to get in and out of character, without missing a beat, in a long take is masterly and a testament to the complicated process of acting.

However, it may be Pitt’s performance of the mysterious stuntman, Cliff, that is unforgettable. Indeed, it is the more interesting character, but it is hard to believe anyone else could have played him the way Pitt has. He does not have a lot of lines in the movie, so Pitt’s performance is predicated on the cool and calm demeanour he is able to impress on the character.

The final result is a puzzle. We never quite figure out whether or not he is a cold-hearted, deranged wife-killer or a kind and caring person with the weight of the world on his shoulders. Cliff might have very well been the most mysterious character ever committed to film. By the end of the film, it is up to each individual audience’s observations and biases whether or not to root for him.

One of the most striking details about Once Upon a Time, more than Pitt’s character, is the shortage of violence. This is the closest thing Tarantino has made to a children’s movie, or at least that was what I thought until the last several minutes of this almost three-hour-long movie. The ending is glorious, fetishistic and comical. It is one of the most Tarantino of Tarantino endings there has ever been.

The brilliance of this movie is reason enough that Tarantino should keep making movies until the end of time. Unfortunately, soon after the release of this movie, Tarantino stressed that he plans to keep his promise of quitting the industry after his 10th – next – film.

As devastating as this would be, it is not something we did not see coming. After all, while he is the movie director cinema deserved, seeing as how this film is struggling to make an eighth of the amount of money the live-action remake of The Lion King has already made at the box office, we are not the audience a maestro such as him deserves.

Ethio-Eritrean Relationship: Provisional or Perpetual?

Ethiopia and Eritrea went to war for two years (1998-2000) over border disputes. The Algiers Peace Agreement concluded the war in 2000. This agreement established two commissions: the Boundary Commission that was empowered to arbitrate the border dispute between the two countries and the Claim Commission that was mandated to decide through binding arbitration all claims for loss, damage or injury.

The boundary commission passed a controversial decision in 2002, the validity of which was contested by Ethiopia. The Claim Commission, on the other hand, has found Eritrea responsible for beginning the war and awarded Ethiopia 10 million dollars in damages.

After these decisions, the two countries remained in a state of no war, no peace with minor skirmishes in border areas. Eritrea was insisting on the enforcement of the boundary commission’s decision as a whole and evacuation of the Ethiopian army from the Badme front, while Ethiopia was pushing for further negotiations and was hesitant of accepting the decision of the Boundary Commission. Thus, the two countries were in a diplomatic stalemate that lasted for more than 20 years. There were several peace-making initiatives by the United Nations, the African Union and other friendly states. However, none of these efforts was successful.

This changed in 2018, as a result of the internal political dynamics in Ethiopia. The new Prime Minister, Abiy Ahmed (PhD), began rapprochement with President Isaias Afeworki of Eritrea. This call for normalisation of relations was accepted, and the two countries signed a joint declaration of peace and friendship in Asmera in July last year.

After this declaration, the border between the two countries has been opened for social and economic transactions. Troops have started to evacuate from former war fronts, the full-scale use of ports of Assab and Massawa by Ethiopia is being facilitated, and flights between the two capitals have resumed. Transportation and movement of people and goods in the border area have been reinstated to almost their former status.

In September, the two countries signed the Jeddah Agreement on Peace, Friendship and Comprehensive Cooperation. This agreement provides for the promotion of extensive cooperation in the political, security, defence, economic, trade, and investment, cultural and social fields. The development of joint investment projects and the implementation of the boundary decision are other areas addressed by this agreement. Furthermore, the countries have agreed on the establishment of a high-level joint committee and sub-committees to guide and oversee the implementation of the agreement.

The normalisation of Ethio-Eritrean relations, if long-lasting, would be an asset for regional stabilisation. This can be demonstrated by the recent normalisation of relations between Eritrea and Somalia, as well as Eritrea and Djibouti. To this end, the respective government’s political commitment seems promising and positive. Their commitment to end supporting armed insurgencies can be considered as a sign of political determination for sustainable peace.

However, the inter-communal conflicts and violence Ethiopia has been facing in different parts of the country may have repercussions on their relationship. Likewise, the absence of a multi-party democratic system in Eritrea may have a negative impact as decisions are mostly uncertain and unpredictable. Nevertheless, the existence of a shared cultural, religious and historical tie between the people of these countries can be an asset in fully normalising their relationship.

The year-old rapprochement of the two countries is progressive in terms of resuming diplomatic relations, movement of persons, and economic gains. Yet the formalisation and institutionalisation of their relationships are weaker. Though the visits by the leaders of the two governments are fruitful in terms of relieving the post-conflict agony, the progress made so far in solving border closures and other differences is not well reported to the public. It is not clear if the recent visit of PM Abiy Ahmed (PhD) has addressed the repetitive border shutdowns by the Eritrean government.

The politics of the gulf region, the economic and military interest-based involvement of Saudi Arabia and UAE in the horn of Africa would have repercussions on the bilateral relation. But the two governments should focus on carefully settling these matters. In this regard, the contribution of PM Abiy Ahmed (PhD) in solving the pending Sudanese problem should be praised, as the situation of Sudan or the Horn as a whole can affect Ethio-Eritrean relations.

Ethiopia is a big landlocked country that has substantial natural resources including land and minerals, whereas Eritrea, though not relatively endowed with natural resources, owns seaports that are strategically located. This situation can serve as a basis for the mutual relationship of both countries. Even the pre- and post-conflict economic and political situations of the countries implies that the war was not really a border issue rather that of commercial interests. Therefore, the current relationship of the states should be devised in a way which balances the permanent economic interests of both people. The Jeddah Agreement should be implemented in an institutionalized manner to avoid potential conflicts.

The opening up of borders has been followed by the exodus of Eritrean refugees moving to Ethiopia. This may create another political and economic problem in Ethiopia, in which there already are a large number of internally displaced persons as a result of inter-communal conflict. Furthermore, in the absence of clear cut terms of trade in general, and currency exchange rate between the Ethiopian birr and the Eritrean Nakfa in particular, contraband trade is being conducted in border areas, and as a result, shortage of products like teff and benzene has been observed. Hence, the movement of persons and transportation vehicles should be controlled in joint institutional mechanisms ensuring the mutual economic benefit of both states.

According to the Jeddah Agreement, the countries are expected to enforce border decisions. The establishment of a high-level enforcement committee is expected to see to that. The issue of border demarcation is very sensitive and may lead to a renewed conflict. The implementation of the border decision should be made with the support of experts in international law and other pertinent expertise; the Ethiopian government should not repeat its mistake in the boundary commission arbitration. Additionally, the countries should learn from effective border and economic dispute settlement cases. For instance, the experience of the Nigerian and Cameroon Border Demarcation Commission in the Bakassi Peninsula Dispute would be worth considering as a border dispute settlement in an African Context. In the history of international law, the Bakassi Peninsula case is known to be one of the most effective dispute settlement instances involving both diplomatic channels and legal mechanisms. In due course of demarcating borders, the historical, cultural and social relationship of the people should be taken into account, and pertinent principles of international law like principles of equity should be considered in case of a deadlock.

The decisions of the boundary commission may not necessarily be implemented word by word; rather, the states should be flexible in permanently settling the issue and consider the interest of people living in border areas.

To have a good and long-lasting relationship between Eritrea and Ethiopia, their renewed relationship should be governed by clear and detailed agreements. It should not be forgotten that the two countries were in a state of war and diplomatic deadlock for a long time. The conclusion of agreements and their implementation should be looked into carefully. Informality should not prevail since the danger it pauses would be great. Conducting negotiations and making deals on a piece by piece basis would be vital to adequately address the economic and political interests of the two countries.

Moreover, the enforcement of agreements at a joint institutional level would be necessary to create long-lasting peace. Forums of discussion and engagement on the implementation of economic, political and social agreements or common issues should be arranged by both countries in a permanent fixture and institutionalized manner. Otherwise, the relationship may end up in being a temporary friendship for mutual political gain.

Responsible Emancipation

They say freedom comes with responsibility. I have always been fascinated by this abstract concept, which I believed was highly correlated with happiness and its many forms. Bob Marley’s “Redemption Song” often comes into my head when I think of freedom: “Emancipate yourself from mental slavery!’’ If only it was that easy.

What is mental slavery anyways when being different is considered odd, weird and sometimes insane? Fascinated with the idea of emancipation for awhile, I tried to do things my way. I even made an oath to myself not to be restrained by convention and rebel against the status quo. I have not always been successful at emancipating myself, but I have tried.

Often times I gave in to society’s demands, being dragged down by yelugnta. I don’t think we will find an equivalent of that word in any other language and be able to translate it, because it only exists in Ethiopia or some other unknown island. Yelugntaroughly translates to: too much consideration or care on one’s part for another person or restraining yourself from doing something you want and avoiding what you don’t want for fear of somebody else’s opinions on the matter. I can write a book about the things I did out of yelugnta. I even wanted to get a T-shirt that reads: “Not my problem; I don’t care!”

Anyways going back to freedom, I believe freedom starts in the mind. No matter how free we are physically, if our minds are slaves to fear and chained to stereotypes, then we would never break free of the bondage and genuinely be free.

Freedom is self-determination, free will, autonomy, choice, among others. Remember what I said about freedom and responsibility at the beginning of the article? Well it is funny but true in a way. Let me briefly share my personal experiences with you to shine light into the link between freedom and responsibility. My mom, may her soul rest in peace, was a strong woman. She loved me to the moon and back, but she was also controlling. She made sure I studied even when I did not want to. I remember one day when she caught me watching Mortal Combat on TV when I was supposed to be studying.  She came out of nowhere and turned off the TV.  I was so furious that I actually ended up studying after mumbling and complaining for awhile.  My mom made sure I studied, did my homework and got good grades.

This changed in high school and worsened in college. After my mom passed away, I started living with my grandmother, aunt and uncles. They were so loving to me and spoiled me. Unlike my mom, they did not tell me what and when to study. In their eyes, I did not need to be told what to do, because I had it under control. My grades plummeted, because I also changed schools, but mostly because I was too busy enjoying my new freedom and indulging myself in movies and everything else of which I thought I was deprived.

College was a nightmare. I bring this up, because most of us do not like being told what to do or being bossed around. So whenever our bosses are not around, we slack at our jobs, at school, we make a slight effort to fulfill requirements and do things half-heartedly. We achieve mediocre results when we are capable of so much more.

I think there is a very good reason why our parental figures, teachers and those who are close to us tell us what to do or nag us until we accomplish something, because otherwise we may simply get distracted or sidetracked. They are the alarms that keep us awake. Yes, maybe we are grownups or even know what we want, but that does not always mean we do just that. We need a little bit of reality check and reminder here and there. Parents, ask if your children are doing something they want, studying something they are passionate about and nag them constantly until you see them through to their dreams. Be their alarm, their compass, and guide them, because every now and then we all get lost.

On the other side of existence, there are people who wear the freedom hat responsibly. I have friends who have moved out of their parents’ house. These are the most responsible of all of us who are still living under our parents’ roof.  These friends of mine are free to come home as late as they like. They do not have curfews. But contrary to the belief that young girls living on their own or moving out before they get married exploit their freedom and open doors for addiction and guys, these friends lead a very responsible life. They work hard, sometimes two jobs just to afford the rent. They are breadwinners. They take care of their younger siblings and even sometimes send money to a family member in the countryside. They take evening classes and try to better themselves.  Yes, they had the freedom to do whatever they want, but they choose to be responsible.  So before we say we want freedom, let’s think twice if we are truly prepared and cut out to handle the responsibility that comes with it.