The 2010s, like the 1970s and the 1990s, has seen tectonic shifts in the political, social and economic life of the nation. It started without much clamour. The EPRDF and its allies won a comfortable majority in the general elections, an ambitious five-year developmental economic plan was launched and the socio-cultural status quo of the 1990s and 2010s seemed to remain firmly in place.
By the mid-2010s, the seeds that would lead to an unprecedented unraveling were already sown. The ruling party had lost to natural causes its leader of around two decades, enigmatic leader Meles Zenawi; a drought had devastated the eastern, western and central parts of the country; inflation was in the double digits, the foreign currency crisis was barely improving; and the double-digit economic growth was impressing all but Western pundits and media institutions. Most notably, a protest had broken out in a university campus in Ambo over the introduction of an integrated urban master plan for Addis Abeba. The protest would light the fire that culminated in the ascendancy to office of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed (PhD), in April 2018.
The late 2010s ushered in an era of unprecedented euphoria followed closely by the possibility of state fracture. In the early 2010s, Ethiopia was nowhere to be found on a list of the top 10 conflicts to watch by the International Crisis Group. By 2019, the country has shot up to third place. No country with a broken-down political system can have a stable economy, and Ethiopia was no exception. Conflicts, displacements, loss of lives and damage to property did not help investor confidence. And even as the government moved to liberalise, privatise and smoothen the business environment, a traumatised private sector, weak export revenue, a tiny manufacturing sector and double-digit inflation continued to cripple the economy from being competitive. Fortune has identified the top 10 lessons Ethiopia can take from a decade that was as unpredictable as it was overwhelming and as promising as it was terrifying.
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