A new agriculture policy, spearheaded by Minister of Agriculture Girma Amente (PhD), has made its way to Parliament, signalling a shift towards a market-driven approach aimed at revamping the sector. Girma said empowering smallholder farmers in terms of land rights and access to financing is crucial for boosting productivity. His proposal to allow farmers to use their land as collateral for loans is seen by officials as a step towards addressing this longstanding barrier.

However, not everyone is convinced of the policy's potential success. Agricultural economist Abebe Dagnaw (PhD) warns that past policy failures stress the need for effective implementation. He suggests a reformed land policy and a greater focus on horticulture production as alternatives to the current cereal-centric approach.

"Implementation is where good policy goes to die," he told Fortune.

Despite these concerns, the pending policy, approved by the Council of Ministers two weeks ago, aims to address land rights, supply chain improvements, and modernisation. Tesfaye Mengiste (PhD), head of the policy unit at the Ministry, believes that this shift aligns with broader economic reforms and will address long-standing issues in the sector.

Key to the policy's success, according to Tesfaye, are investments in capacity building, mechanisation, and improved seed supply. He said cluster farming and irrigation-led practices will boost productivity, with wheat cultivation singled out as a strategic focus due to its high yield capacity. He said improved seed supply is one reason that productivity has been halved in some areas. He foresees massive improvements in food production if they can be rationed equitably.

"Farmers are trapped in a subsistence-level production," Tesfaye said.

Livestock and crop insurance is also part of the reforms. With around 226,000hct covered in banana and maize plantations reliant on seasonal rainfall and over 50,000 smallholder farmers struggling to access loans and improved seeds, Gambella Regional State's fertile grounds encapsulate the difficulty.

Bulcha Bilo, a farmer from Dugda Woreda in Oromia Regional State, is struggling to recover his losses from wheat production as crows keep ravaging his four-hectare farm. He attempted to access credit from a nearby bank by leveraging his 20 dairy cattle as collateral to no avail.