Pride and Passion

Pride and Passion
The Women Driving Leadership and Change in Banking and Payments Today

On International Women’s Day, we hear from four women leaders in their fields, about their own journeys, the  importance of visibility and how equality and diversity have become powerful forces for change.

There is a smart, powerful phrase that underlines the importance of visibility and role models in life: “If you can see it – you can be it.”

And it has stronger resonance than most motivational slogans you might see printed on a coffee cup, as it speaks to the power of those who blaze a trail and shine a light for the next generation.

Up until very recently, young women looking to a career in banking, Fintech and the wider financial services sector might have had a long search for role models in leadership positions.

As many industries woke up to the importance of diversity, true meritocracy and open opportunity, much of the world of banking and financial services appeared to be behind the curve.

Or as one of the four women we talked to, Ana Nedeljkovic, says;
“Ask most people to picture a banker, and they’ll still see a man in a suit.” But this is changing. Fast.

On International Women’s Day, we hear from four women, leaders, mentors and champions for gender equality and opportunity.

All four are successful in their fields and passionate about encouraging the next generation of talented young women who are looking for a career in a sector where they can be a positive force for change and progress for people and communities across the world.

As banking becomes a daily-used tool and a resource that we all need at our fingertips and with the theme of International Women’s Day 2022 declaring “Gender equality today for a sustainable tomorrow” – these four women talk about real change and how to achieve it.

Pedzani Tafa
Chief Operations Officer, Botswana Savings Bank

“It’s important to have women in banking because we are an increasingly critical part of the decisions made on consuming banking products.”

Pedzani Tafa has risen to leadership positions over a dynamic 29 year career in banking, currently with a Bank that  has a specific mission to mobilise people to save and plan for their future through inclusive, community-focused financial services.

Pedzani believes that women must show “courage and knowledge” to progress their careers – and  will earn “respect through delivery.”

In common with many women in financial services today, Pedzani did not  foresee a career in the sector when she was studying environmental science, but rather a career in education.

However, as many young graduates do, she applied for “anything and everything” and almost by chance, ended up working for a newly formed bank in Botswana.

The Chief Operations Officer for Botswana Savings Bank says that as she rose higher in her career, it sometimes felt  like a “lonely place” where the absence of women in Executive roles was evident in meetings or around conference tables.

Pedzani believes, however, that this is changing, as the financial sector embraces diversity, and becomes aware of the importance and value of having all views, experiences and backgrounds in the mix.

“I think it’s important to have women in banking because women are an increasingly critical part of the decision making to consume banking products,” she says.

“We may still have this traditional view of the man being the head of the household.” “But today, in most cases when  such decisions are made, women are a big part of it. Therefore, having women in leadership in the Bank is critical, when we tailor products, we have to think who are the decision-makers?”

“That perspective is so important, to be able to answer the question, “what would I want, as a woman, from a bank?”. I am able to bring in that perspective.”

Pedzani says that women are still, largely, in the lower-to-middle management positions and this has to change.
She believes in the qualities of empathy – not as a “soft” power but as a strength that women have that is vital for listening to and understanding the people they both work with and serve.

And Pedzani says banks have to understand that women can be both leaders and ambassadors, engaging with  communities, using insight and rapport to build relationships in a world where financial services are becoming increasingly personalised and direct.
These interpersonal skills are also crucial in running teams and organisations. “I think this leadership style can really resonate with people,” says Pedzani.

“When I ask someone to give me feedback, and they say, “you know, you really made an impact on my life”, I will find that they have worked more effectively, contributing more.”
“It has been proven that people will often work more for individuals that lead them, than for the organisation itself.”

Annie Vidot
Chief Executive Officer, Seychelles Commercial Bank

“Yes, we are in a male-dominated field. But that should not stop us aspiring to success.”

As the first female CEO of her Bank, Annie Vidot is playing a central part in driving change at Seychelles Commercial  Bank as they journey on a digital transformation and move to a full range of online banking services.

She started her career in the banking sector as a Loans Officer, continuing with her studies, taking on more  responsibilities and rising to the CEO position she has today.
She says she did not start her career aspiring to be a CEO and didn’t even see herself in a management position. But as she gained in experience, in her educational qualifications and in her belief in her own potential, she was able to forge a path.

“I always say to my staff, especially those who are starting out, do your job well, educate yourself and take all of the  opportunities that are given to you,” says Annie.
“I believe I have taken all of the opportunities that have come my way and as we are talking about women in banking and fintech, I think that is an important factor, having the confidence and belief that allows you to do this.” “Yes, we are in a male-dominated field. But that should not stop us aspiring to success.”

Annie says financial services in countries like Seychelles still have some ground to make up on their European  counterparts for example, in areas such as advanced digital financial solutions and mobile banking technologies.

But she believes this radical change offers opportunities for young women and young people in general to venture  into and play key roles in driving the transformation.

“I look at younger people who are very comfortable with technology, such as with using and developing apps and  that offers a lot of opportunities as fintech changes and becomes more sophisticated.”
“For younger women, unfortunately, opportunities will not be served up on a plate and they will often come  wrapped in challenges.”
Annie says that from her own experience, she sees young women coming into financial services who tend to  regularly move jobs, and she wonders if they are moving to improve their own personal circumstances but losing out
on the career prospects that might come with persevering in the organisation where they are.

However, she says that ultimately, the power for career advancement rests with women themselves.
“Take the time to evaluate yourself, be prepared to adapt and grow and move forward. Don’t be discouraged,  opportunities are there,” says Annie.
“You can continue with your education, learn more, take more responsibilities, make sure to ask for them, this is where the avenue will open for you.”

“And take the challenges, even if they feel intimidating, as a woman, often in a male- dominated place, you have to take them when they appear.”

Chinwe Uzoho
General Manager, West and Central Africa at Network International Payment Services

“When I go to meetings, I like to takethe seat at the front, I like to be heard.”

Based in Lagos, Nigeria, Chinwe Uzoho has an extensive background in retail banking, product development, research and innovation.

Now in a senior leadership position with Network International Payment Services, Chinwe says she has seen the opportunities for women increase greatly in the Fintech sector since she began her own career.

“Honestly, there are a lot of opportunities for women in Fintech today,” says Chinwe.
“Fintechs should stop gender stereotyped jobs, they should start creating openings for young female graduates by appointing more female analysts/coders/developers/product owners etc in the organisation.”

“Women can – and should – play bigger roles because organisations are beginning to realise that they need more women on board.”
“When I started my career over 25 years ago, there was the natural barrier of being a woman, and how to stay  relevant and visible especially at the management level where I can speak up without being misunderstood. The performance pressure and trying to prove I am capable and qualified for that next promotion.”

“But the most important thing, is that if you know your worth, and you are competent, you can always compete. This is what gives you the confidence to compete.”
Chinwe believes that as more women occupy strategic positions in the financial services sector, organisations will increasingly recognise and value their contributions.

But she believes that women must have the confidence and courage to “speak up and make sure our voices are heard.”
“Women drive innovation, women are more productive, women have to work harder to prove ourselves and make ourselves heard.”
“Yes, it can still be a male-dominated world, but guess what? Men are always happy to have women there, because they know we will always bring our A-game. We have to.”

“And when you speak with confidence, when you offer insights and solutions, when you know your worth, they will listen to you. Don’t be intimidated, be are assertive, competent and know your professional worth.”
Chinwe says if there is one piece of advice she could offer young women looking to a career in banking and Fintech, it would be to make sure they do not settle for being in the background. In addition, female leaders should also inspire the young ones by establishing the right forum to train and mentor them, so that they can stay positive and build on their strengths without being intimated.”

“Unfortunately we can tend to shy away, we can take the back seat,” she says.
“When I go for meetings, I take the front seat, I like to be heard.”

Ana Nedeljkovic
Vice President, Customer Relationships at CR2

“When people come together from different backgrounds and cultures, you challenge each other in the most positive way, it brings innovation, energy, it brings change.”

Based in Dubai and working for CR2, a leading innovator and vendor in the Digital Banking Platform market, Ana Nedeljkovic believes “diversity” and “equality” should not be seen as worthy box-ticking exercises but as  cornerstones for success.

Ana studied Law and Languages before doing an MBA, before taking a job with a major commerce and payment processing company in her native Belgrade in 2002.
That led to a career that has since brought her to Dubai, where she works in customer relationships.
Ana says she finds great personal fulfillment from her work, building relationships, seeing how digital banking is helping to transform and empower communities that may have previously been underserved or even locked out of the vital services many of us take for granted.

And she believes that the barriers that women may have encountered in Fintech and the wider sector have been steadily coming down.
“As women, we are definitely as equally educated as men are today,” she says.
“Collaborative thinking and working together with our male colleagues can bring different perspectives and  approaches on how businesses should be led.”

“I am pro-diversity and equality, but not just for the sake of it. I definitely want to see women in top positions,  because they have the skills and the talent to be there and they can bring so much to organisations.”

“Diversity is important and not only gender diversity.”
“What’s needed are people with different mindsets, different backgrounds, different perspectives, from all types of cultures.”
“When you are in one homogenous environment, then you start to think like everybody else.”
“When people come together from different backgrounds and cultures, you challenge each other in the most positive way, you will have contrasting opinions and insights, it brings innovation, energy, it brings change.”
Ana says that in the past, the stereotype of women as ‘just’ mothers, who will need time off to look after the kids, who will not be able to focus on their work, may have held women back. But this is changing.

“We know you can achieve that work/life balance, family responsibilities are shared now, and mothers naturally have to have focus and take responsibility,” she says.
Ana believes that organisations in her sector, and increasingly in the wider world, are realising that a true meritocracy, where people are judged fairly on their talents, their skills and their work ethic, is the way forward.

ROCKSTONE wins “Best of Africa” award as “Best Sustainable Residential Development” in 2021 for its KEFITA high-rise

KEFITA is an exclusive residential apartment building being developed by prime German real estate developer ROCKSTONE Real Estate. A best-in-class example for a residential development balancing western standards with Ethiopian authenticity catering to serve the needs of discerning international and local residents. In addition to housing 105 apartments and 151 parking, the building features an amenities floor fully dedicated to entertainment and recreational facilities, embodying the main living hub of KEFITA exclusively for its residents and their guests.

KEFITA is located around the Signal area in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. The residential building is located in proximity to the beautiful and green Mount Yeka (North-East), the Bole International Airport (South-East) and Addis Central Business District (South-West), all within 15-20min driving distance. You can easily recognize the apartment building, coming off Embassy Row, home to embassies such as Great Britain, Belgium, Russia and Kenya, through its characteristic façade which is inspired by Ethiopian fabrics and will reach 70m height.

In January 2021, a ceremony commemorated the signing of a 1+ billion Ethiopian Birr contract signing with the general contractor. Subsequently, in April 2021, the construction started after the customary mobilization phase. Meanwhile, the construction and its sales are on track to be completed in 2023, the building is currently reaching the 6th floor with a height of 20+m.

Mr Dietrich E. Rogge, CEO & Founder of ROCKSTONE, commented:

“From the very beginning, our entire design process has been driven towards green-conscious living. We integrated specific measures that include using local materials as much as possible, minimizing electricity consumption, collecting rainwater and managing waste. We are the first Ethiopian residential building in the process of obtaining the green building certification EDGE. KEFITA stands for the future of Addis Ababa. We are honoured and delighted that KEFITA was awarded this title which will encourage us to remain committed in our effort for shaping a green Addis.”

The International Property Awards nominated and awarded KEFITA as “Best Sustainable Residential Development in 2021 in Africa” recognising the excellence and meticulous work performed by ROCKSTONE to combine local heritage and an avant-garde design, considering the prime location and its surroundings to allow an environmentally conscious design and using low-impact materials in the construction as well as including innovative energy- and waste-efficient systems.

The UK based International Property Awards announced the winner at an event held in London on the 25th of February, 2022. The award makes KEFITA the first building in Ethiopia to make to win “Best in Africa” regional category.

Earlier in October, KEFITA had already been awarded the five-star nation-wide ‘Best High-Rise Residential Development’ and ‘Best Sustainable Residential Development’ categories for Ethiopia in 2021.

About Rockstone

ROCKSTONE Real Estate is a German-based full-service real estate developer and investment manager with offices in Germany, Spain, Portugal, Kenya and Ethiopia. Rockstone has carefully chosen Addis Abeba (Ethiopia) as its first African office, due to the international importance of the city and the country for Africa and the world. The local office foremost focuses on high-end residential and commercial real estate projects, with a typical project size of $25-75 million, in prime CBD or residential areas, providing professional services, modern designs and sustainable construction qualities. Currently developing projects worth $650+ million, Rockstone Real Estate combines real estate know-how, own principal capital and active real estate management.

About The International Property Awards

The International Property Awards is one of the world’s most renowned real estate awards where top country winners vie to be recognised as ‘Best in World’. It celebrates the highest levels of achievement by companies operating in all sectors of the property and real estate industry. The application process is rigorous and requires a thoughtful presentation that answers numerous questions on the category that the applicant is entering. KEFITA’s application highlighted features like floor plans, elevations, MEP plans, materials, operations, renderings and in-depth descriptions of every element of the project that make KEFITA sustainable.

The inaugural International Property Awards were presented in 1993 and covered 10 different residential categories. Since then, the programme has grown substantially and now covers over 45 categories in the areas of development, interior design, architecture, and real estate.

The International Property Awards rank among the most prestigious commendations in the residential and commercial property industries, and the award winner’s logo is recognised as a symbol of excellence throughout the global industry.

EU Funded Project Moves to Support the Ease of Doing Business in Ethiopia

March 21, 2021, Addis Ababa
Ethiopia – A workshop to present the findings of an assessment and redesign of the network, data center and IT security infrastructure at the Ministry of Revenue was held in the presence of representatives from the Ministry and the Delegation of the European Union to Ethiopia.

GIZ International Services in partnership with McKinsey & Company is implementing an EU funded project entitled ‘Technical Assistance for Business Environment and Investment Climate, including e-government (BEIC)’, to support
Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) reforms in Ethiopia.

The main objective of the IT Network redesign at the Ministry of Revenue was to upgrade the network infrastructure with the aim of enabling the future digitalization reforms planned by the Ministry.

The overall objective of the BEIC project is to contribute to the improvement of the business environment in Ethiopia, foster private sector development, and the generation of employment and income opportunities in the context of the Ease of Doing Business EU Funded Project Moves to Support the Ease of Doing Business in Ethiopia (EODB) reform program led by the Prime Ministers’ Office (PMO).

The project has a duration of 3 years starting from February 2021. The main beneficiaries of the project are the Ministry of Revenues (MoR), Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration (MoTRI), Ministry of Innovation and  Technology (MInT), National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) and the European Union Business Forum in Ethiopia (EUBFE).

Designed to deliver technical assistance and capacity-building support in multiple areas for the Ministry of Revenue among other beneficiaries, the project includes advice, expertise and training to support the establishment and
modernization of e-government systems. As part of this support, the BEIC Project has provided technical assistance to the Ministry of Revenues to assess and redesign the core IT network of the Ministry in order to improve technical capacities of the tax collection system.

In their opening remarks, a representative from the Ministry of Revenue (MOR) underlined that the project is an important contribution to the digitalization efforts of the Ministry.

The EU Delegation to Ethiopia also reiterated its continuous support in its partnership with the Government of Ethiopia and the need for all stakeholders to join hands for the success of the EODB reform.

The Government of Ethiopia has been actively implementing the Ease of Doing Business Reform Agenda to improve the investment climate of the country and boost private sector participation in the economy. The 2020 World Bank’s
Ease of Doing Business report (EODB) ranked Ethiopia 159 out of 190 countries, an improvement of two positions from 2018. The new leadership had a focused target to place Ethiopia among the Top 100 DB ranking Countries in 2021 and had formed an inter-ministerial committee led by the Prime Minister to improve specific pillars of the
ease of doing business.

በአውሮፓ ህብረት ድጋፍ የሚተገበረው ፕሮጀክት በኢትዮጵያ የንግድና ኢንቨስትመንት ከባቢን ለማሻሻል አስተዋፅዖ እያበረከተ ነው፡፡

መጋቢት 12/ 2014 አዲስ አበባ፣
ኢትዮጵያ፡ በአውሮፓ ህብረት እገዛ በኢትዮጵያ የንግድ ስራ አመቺነትን ለ ማ ሳ ለ ጥ እ የ ተ ተ ገ በ ረ ባ ለ ው ፕሮጀክት ስር የተከናወነ ጥናትን የተመለከተ ወርክሾፕ መጋቢት 12 ቀን 2014 ዓም ተካሄደ፡፡ ፡፡ ወርክሾፑ በኢትዮጵያ የገቢዎች ሚኒስቴር መስርያ ቤት ውስጥ ከፕሮጀክቱ በተገኘ ድጋፍ በኔትዎርከ ፤ ዳታ
ሴንተር እና ኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ ደህንነት መሰረተ ልማት ላይ የተደረገ ፍተሻና የተሻሻለ የኔትዎርክ ዲዛይንን ባካተተ ዶክመንት ላይ ሲሆን የገቢዎች ሚኒስቴር ተወካዮች እና በኢትዮጵያ የአውሮፓ ህብረት ልኡካን ተወካዮች የተገኙበት ነበር፡፡

የኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ ኔትዎርክ ማሻሻያ ስራው የጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ፅህፈት ቤት የንግድ ስራ አመቺነትን ለማሳለጥ ያወጣውን የዲጂታላይዜሽን ሪፎርም ለመተግበር በገቢዎች ሚኒስትር ታቅዶ፣ በዚህ ፕሮጀክት ድጋፍ የተሰራ ነው፡፡ የፕሮጀክቱ አጠቃላይ ዓላማ በኢትዮጵያ ያለውን የንግድ ሁኔታ ማሻሻል፣ የግሉን ዘርፍ
ልማት ማበረታታት እንዲሁም የንግድ ስራ አመቺነትን በማሳለጥ የስራ እና የገቢ እድሎችን መፍጠር ነው፡፡

ፕሮጀክቱ ከየካቲት 2013 ጀምሮ  እስከ 2016 ድረስ ለሶስት አመታት ያህል የሚቆይ ሲሆን፣ በዚህ ፕሮጀክት ማዕቀፍ ውስጥ ድጋፍ የሚያገኙ ተቋሞች የገቢዎች ሚኒስቴር፣ የንግድ እና ቀጠናዊ ትስስር ሚኒስቴር ፣ የኢኖቬሽን እና ቴክኖሎጂ ሚኒስቴር፣ የኢትዮጵያ ብሄራዊ ባንክ እንዲሁም በኢትዮጵያ የአውሮፓ ህብረት ቢዝነስ
ፎረም ናቸው፡፡

ከገቢዎች ሚኒስቴር ጋር በተያያዘ ፕሮጀክቱ የቴክኒካል እና በተለያዩ ዘርፎች የአቅም ግንባታ ድጋፍ ይሰጣል፡ ፡ ይህም ድጋፍ የመንግስት አገልግሎት አሰጣጥን ለማዘመን ምክረ ሀሳቦችን፣ ሞያዊ ድጋፍን እና ስልጠናዎችን አካቶ ይዟል፡፡በተጨማሪ በገቢዎች ሚኒስቴር ያለውን የግብር አሰባሰብ ስርዓት ቴክኒካል አቅም የማጎልበት እንዲሁም የመስርያ ቤቱን የኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ ኔትዎርክ የማሻሻል እገዛ ያደርጋል፡፡

በወርክሾፑ የተገኙት የአውሮፓ ህብረት ልዑካን ቡድን ተወካይ በመክፈቻ ንግግራቸው በኢትዮጵያ መንግስት የግል ሴክተሩ በኢኮኖሚው የሚጫወተውን ሚና ለማሳደግ በተለይም የንግድና ኢንቨስትመንት ከባቢውን ምቹ እና ተወዳዳሪ እንዲሆን እየተሰራ ያለውን የሪፎርም ስራ በማድነቅ የአውሮፓ ህብረት እያደረገ ያለውን ድጋፍ አጠናክሮ እንደሚቀጥል ገልፀዋል፡፡

የ ገ ቢ ዎ ች ሚ ኒ ስ ቴ ር ተ ወ ካ ይ በበኩላቸው በፕሮጀክቱ የተከናወነው የኔትዎርክ ማሻሻል ስራ የጠቅላይ ሚኒስቴር ፅህፈት ቤት እየመራው ካለው የንግድ ስራ አመቺነትን የማሳለጥ ፕሮግራም ጋር በተያያዘ እየተሰራ ላለው የዲጂታላይዜሽን ለ ው ጥ ክ ፍ ተ ኛ አ ስ ተ ዋ ፅ ዖ እንደሚያበረክት ገልፀዋል፡፡

የኢትዮጵያን የንግድና ኢንቨስትመንት ከባቢ ምቹ፣ ተወዳዳሪና ተመራጭ ለማድረግ እንዲሁም የዓለም ባንክ የ’Doing Business’ ደረጃዋን ማሻሻል እንዲቻል መንግስት ከፍተኛ ጥረት ሲያደርግ ቆይቷል፡፡ በዚህም መሰረት ኢትዮጵያ በንግድና ኢንቨስትመንት ምቹ ሃገራት ደረጃዋን እ.ኤ.አ በ2019 ከነበረችበት 159 ከፍ በማድረግ ከቀዳሚዎቹ መቶ አገራት ተርታ እንድትሰለፍ ለማስቻል ታህሳስ 17 ቀን 2011 ዓ.ም. ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ዶ/ር ዐቢይ አህመድ የሚመሩት ብሔራዊ ኮሚቴ ተመስርቶ ወደ ስራ መግባቱ የሚታወስ ነው።

INFLATION CAUSES PAIN, LITERALLY!

Consumers in Ethiopia wake up each day to find the cost of living edging ever higher. The outcome is muffled consumption on most goods, except those essential and, evidently, items of life and death. The latter category is medicine. The private health sector has long been outside the affordability of the majority of citizens. Lately, not even public institutions with fat budgets can offer shelter. From prescription medications to personal protective gear, even referral hospitals like Tikur Anbessa (Black Lion) have become less affordable alternatives. Patients are demanded to cover the cost of surgical gloves for use by health professionals for checkups. A single vial of insulin is sold for 310 Br, double what it used to cost a year ago.

Driving prices up is the sharp depreciation of the Birr against major foreign currencies, which has made imports expensive. But it is only one of many reasons. Another is the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which exerts upward price pressure in the global health industry as demand remains high. Supply chain disruptions have not done anyone a favour either, with shipping costs quadrupling over the past two years. The fuel on the fire is a severe foreign currency crunch in the economy, which debilitates the capacity of pharmaceutical importers to source much-needed medications – pharmaceutical products are not only expensive but rare to come by. Even local manufacturers such as the state-owned Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing have their hands tied, cutting back on production for lack of inputs.

Taking the pain for the convergence of global and local disruptions that have escalated prices in the health sector are some of the most vulnerable groups in society, those whose health is compromised. As many are hoping for relief from the affront of inflation, in the case of patients, the ache from the rise of the cost of living is becoming all too literal.

Rule by Fiat Remains Yinager Dessie’s Unceremonious Legacy

There has rarely been a time when the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) is in the spotlight, at least for those that pay close attention to the macroeconomy, as it is lately. The prices of goods and services are escalating daily, the cost of living rising alarmingly and unemployment biting. The central bank and those entrusted with its leadership are in the spotlight for failing the crucial fight over stagflationary pressure created by a convergence of a supply shock and a rise in the money supply. The latter is the self-induced pain by macroeconomic policymakers.

Yinager Dessie (PhD) has been active in the driver’s seat for the past four years. Or inactive, so to say. He is among the 42 of the 45 executive members of the Prosperity Party of the Amhara Regional branch who did not make it when the party reelected its leaders two weeks ago. He even failed to make it into the council of the incumbent party, signalling that Yinager’s days at the central bank are numbered.

Yinager’s time with the central bank has been the worst on too many occasions and fronts. There may have been some positives. Recently, it allowed half of the shipping costs payable to the state-owned Ethiopian Shipping & Logistics Services Enterprise (ESLSE) to be covered in Birr. This should give some breathing room to players in the import sector struggling to source inputs and transport goods for lack of foreign currency.

But even this effort is an attempt to bandage another directive that has harmed commercial banks, exporters and importers. Last January, the central bank punished exporters by expanding the amount of currency to be surrendered to the central bank to 70pc, the rest shared between banks and foreign account holders. The cries of crucial players in the external sector, who fetch the country hundreds of millions of dollars in exports, such as floriculture businesses, have yet to change the mind of top officials on the macroeconomic front.

It may sound unreasonable and unfair to put all the blame squarely on the Governor. The macroeconomic team where he served as a member and chaired by the Prime Minister should be held responsible.

However, exasperating all of this has been how the central bank communicates with the industry. At least, in its latest decision, a formal letter was sent to the state shipping company. It was not a text message sent from Yinager, or one of his deputies, mobile account to Roba Megersa, head of the shipping company, as if it was a personal business between two gentle souls. It is a significant policy alteration that affects the national economy. Thus, it needs to be communicated in a formal procedure that is traceable and available as a record for scrutiny.

Surprisingly, the central bank does not see its engagement with financial institutions in such a formal light. It has gotten a taste for a highly fickle communications medium when it passes down new rules: text messages. This has happened on at least two occasions. The first was when it suspended collateral lending, which lasted for a quarter of a year.

How was the freezing of flows from financial institutions that power the economy effected?

The central bank saw no need to serve commercial banks with any formal and legally binding letters except to text message bank presidents about the suspension. The most charitable explanation of why formal procedures would be chucked out in favour of arbitrary orders, even when the central bank had the power to issue a circular or a directive, is that it was a matter of urgency. The Birr was sliding against the dollar at a much faster rate than usual in the parallel market, indicating perhaps capital flight. It could be argued that the Governor and his team needed to plug up part of the financial sector, its credit system, in a hurry.

But the order to suspend loans was never followed by any formal circular or directive. Outside of reports on the matter, there are no traces of this happening in the central bank’s archive of circulars and directives. This should be unacceptable. Unfortunately, it did not stop there.

The lowering of forex retention rules was also communicated in the same manner. No one could argue this needed to be done in a hurry that the matter could not wait for letters to be formally sent to banks and the directive to be amended prior. Here again, the order to redistribute hundreds of millions of dollars to the central bank was communicated in casual text messages from central bank officials to bank executives as if it was a personal matter between two old pals.

This is truly a bizarre behaviour from the most critical institution in macroeconomic policymaking. It also raises a crucial question: do the banks even have to comply? No law or directive holds them beholden, simply because the central bank has elected not to communicate orders using a directive, a legal instrument. What would they be held accountable to? Imagine the Finance Ministry texting heads of tax bureaus to raise value-added tax (VAT) to 20pc without any change of laws. Would that be acceptable?

Such a mode of communications and procedural laxity says a great deal about how the central bank’s relationship with financial institutions has transformed from regulation to policing. It is nothing less than ruling by fiat, where necessary institutional and industry-wide processes and stakeholders are bypassed. It shows that the central bank sees financial institutions as entities it needs to keep in line instead of helping thrive for shared objectives. The central bank does not see them as partners to achieve common policy goals but subservient entities to be handled on a tight leash.

It is bad enough that the central bank is as all-powerful as it is in monetary policymaking. It fixes savings interest rates and manages the exchange rate of the Birr, powers long ago surrendered by more open economies to markets. Over the past three years, it allowed the Birr to depreciate by 78pc without an end in sight or anyone pressing it on why it is doing this or to what end. A closed institution that decides the economy’s fate behind closed doors, to pass orders on text messages without so much as a directive or a circular seems a crude way of highlighting that its powers are neither questioned nor challenged.

More importantly, it concentrates power in the hands of bureaucrats and dilutes the institution’s power by removing its importance as a medium of communication. It creates a situation where commercial banks can bypass proper institutional procedures and influence executives directly without leaving a fingerprint that could be used as a record. Accountability in the foreseeable future is lost.

Coming from an institution that already does not exercise autonomy and rules the financial sector with an iron fist, this is bad enough. It will be a tragedy for its powers to be personalised to the point that formal written rules and laws pale in the face of Yinager’s, and his deputies, text messages. It will further discredit the central bank when its services are direly needed. This will remain the unceremonious legacy of Governor Yinager.

Patients Ail Over Hefty Drug Prices, Crippling Shortages

In the compound of Tikur Anbessa (Black Lion) Hospital lies a poorly lit children’s cancer ward. A dim hallway leads from the gloomy waiting area to a unit where dozens of ailing children and infants are treated. It is not a sight for the faint-hearted.

The air in the dreary pediatric ward is pierced with the intermittent cries of its young patients. Clad in their white gowns, medical staff scrambled to attend to the children’s needs as best they could. Adults, most of the parents of the sick, walk their kids around the room, intravenous lines attached and all. Masresha Alemu, living through the darkest time of his life, was there last week taking care of his seven-year-old son, Abraraw.

In a secluded room away from the hall, Masresha sat beside his son while he lay asleep, curled up in a ball on his bed. Abraraw battles cancer.

The distraught father held two medications he had been instructed to buy by physicians at the largest referral hospital in the country. He paid 440 Br, a bill he could hardly afford.

Masresha is from Woliso, a town in the Oromia Regional State, 115Km southwest of Addis Abeba. He brought his son to the capital after doctors in a local health centre gave him a referral, unable to treat the disease his son suffers from. He was hopeful that the Black Lion would be an affordable place for treatment.

Indeed, many like him make their way to the capital each day to seek medical help in its wards. But little did Masresha know he would have to spend thousands of Birr at the public health centre since arriving two weeks ago.

“I assumed a government hospital would cost me less,” he said. “I’m selling my crops.”

Masresha has spent over 7,000 Br on two prescription medications thus far. He has even had to buy the surgical gloves the physicians use when conducting their tests and checkups on Abraraw. Although medications are supposed to be available from the Hospital itself, patients are often told to buy from private pharmacies as stocks are depleted.

Black Lion, a public hospital with 1,000 beds and over 3,400 employees, is one of the oldest hospitals in the country. Since it opened its doors in 1972, people from all corners of the country have been flocking to it for treatment. It treats an average of 20,000 patients each day. But it is not alone in facing a crippling shortage in medications and medical supplies.

Neither is the lack of pharmaceuticals a new challenge for the Ethiopian healthcare system. It has always been lurking, but worsening economic conditions and global supply chain disruptions have exacerbated the problems lately. A shortage of pain medications and substances used to treat chronic diseases has gripped the market in recent months. Public health centres like Black Lion would ordinarily provide relief in times like these. As their stocks have run dry before the end of the financial year, they have become part of the problem – or nightmare in the case of Masresha and Abraraw.

The Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Supply Agency is in charge of importing and supplying medications to public health institutions. It caters to the needs of over 5,000 centres across the country, spending billions of Birr each year. Its expenditures have blotted tremendously year from year. Three years ago, its annual import bill clocked in at around 10 billion Br, seven billion Birr less than it spent last year. It reached 10.5 billion Br over the first half of this year.

In the six months beginning September 2021, Ethiopia imported 29 billion Br worth of medications.

Solomon Nigussie, deputy head of the Agency, says the Agency is aware of the shortages and the escalating prices. He blames the global logistics disruption and increased shipping prices for the problem. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused many setbacks, from the shortage of basic inputs used to manufacture medication to dwindled production and logistics constraints.

This is readily visible in the market. A single pair of medical gloves cost a little over 40 Br, up from 12 Br two years ago. When the pandemic hit, it caused a huge spike in global demand for rubber gloves. It almost doubled in 2020 from 300 billion pieces a year before. Global manufacturers could not keep pace, only producing around 370 billion pieces. Neither were efforts to boost the production capacity of much help, leaving the world’s medical centres short 200 billion gloves.

Wider economic issues have also had an impact on Ethiopia. The depreciation of the Birr against the major foreign currencies has resulted in significant price increases for domestic users. The Agency would source up to 20pc of medications and supplies from local manufacturers in the past. It recently ceased to, seeing prices for imported medicines rise by a quarter due to the declining purchasing power of the Birr.

Jaw-dropping spikes in shipping costs have not spared the healthcare sector, either.

Shipping a 20ft container has quadrupled to nearly 13,000 dollars over the past two years. The development bodes ill for such an import-dependent country as Ethiopia, with an import bill over the first eight months of the financial year surpassing 10 billion dollars. All this means that patients have limited access to life-saving medications. When they find what doctors prescribe, they are shocked by exorbitant prices.

The price of insulin, a critical medication for type-1 diabetic patients, perhaps illustrates the depth of the crisis. A vial of a brand of insulin imported from Denmark, enough to last a patient a mere few weeks, goes for 310 Br, double the price from a year ago. According to the 2017 estimate by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 2.57 million adult Ethiopians live with diabetes. Only 76pc are aware and receive treatment.

Globally, insulin prices have been particularly on the high side. Industry experts believe a few players dominate the market. Three manufacturers control 96pc of the world’s supply. The World Health Organisation (WHO) surveyed 24 low- and middle-income countries and found out that a month’s supply of insulin costs more than a fifth of workers’ average pay. The issue also stems from poor fiscal planning, which is the source of the artificial shortage of certain drugs.

Andualem Deneke (MD), head of the Addis Abeba Health Science College under Black Lion Hospital, concurs the money the Hospital owes is a trouble of its own. Although the budget apportioned for the Black Lion Hospital has never sufficed its needs, having to pay back accumulated credit to the Agency has further undermined its ability to make medications available for thousands of patients.

The teaching hospital was initially provided with 88 million Br this year, a significant portion of which was spent on repaying its debts. The balance has already been spent on medications, according to Andualem. The government pledged an additional 100 million Br to it last week.

“The budget and the expenditure have never matched,” Andualem told Fortune.

Issues with budget constraints are no different in the second-largest public hospital: St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College.

Zebiba Nasir is among the Hospital’s 2,000 inpatients receiving treatment for breast cancer. For the 35-year-old mother of four, the price of medication, especially morphine, seems out of reach. Unable to find the pain medication at the hospital, she paid 1,500 Br for a single dose.

“I came all this way thinking it wouldn’t cost this much at a government hospital,” she said.

According to the Hospital’s annual plan, 240 million Br was requested to procure medications. However, only one-fourth of this has been apportioned, all of which has already been exhausted. Half of it was spent on repaying accumulated debt. Health centres collectively owe the Agency one billion Birr.

St. Paul’s Hospital stocks about 1,200 types of medications. An additional budget of 40 million Br was secured two weeks ago, according to Debela Gemeda, head of the pharmaceutical department at the Hospital. Debela believes the solution lies in addressing the budgetary issues and overhauling the procurement system to allow the Hospital to conduct open bids. Another short-term solution he sees is sourcing medicines through donations.

“Donations are in progress now,” he said.

Budgetary constraints are the primary reasons hospitals fail to buy medications despite their dwindling stocks.

Solomon, the deputy head, says it has gotten to a point where even the Agency cannot sustain it anymore.

Hospitals and health centres under the purview of the Addis Abeba City Administration are not faring much better. These institutions received 239 million Br worth of medication over the last seven months, according to Seife Demissie, pharmaceuticals supply director at the Addis Abeba Health Bureau. Among them are Tirunesh Beijing, Gandhi, Zewditu, Menelik II and Yekatit 12 hospitals. The municipality also supervises 102 health centres spread across the capital.

Budgetary issues are present here as well. The yearly growth in budget allocation is 6.5pc, though officials say the Bureau is working to double that in the face of price hikes and supply disruptions. Driven by COVID-19 and the subsequent shipping disruptions, the price of medications is increasing by as much as 400pc.

Private importers, too, are feeling the burn.

Getachew Teklehaimanot is the general manager of Sheger Pharmacy in the Lemi-Kura District. He has not stocked any morphine for the past two years. Prices for certain brands of insulin at Sheger have also skyrocketed by as much as 150pc. The pharmacy imported 5.2 million Br worth of pharmaceuticals last year. It has imported two million Br worth of medicines in the last seven months.

The General Manager observed import volumes falling as market prices rise.

For medications such as insulin, which entail special import protocols, part of the problem lies in the small pool of suppliers with permits to ship the medication into the country. As insulin needs to be kept in cold storage, providing refrigerators and backup power sources is a headache for importers.

“There aren’t many importers who meet these requirements,” says an importer who requested anonymity.

There are about 200 importers and wholesalers in the pharmaceutical supply chain. Although they are at the top of the central bank’s import priority list, importers struggle to get their hands on foreign currency, contributing to the shortages. The forex issues are also a pressing matter for domestic manufacturers.

The Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing S.C., a public enterprise, has its executives voice their concerns with the unavailability of forex. Importing basic ingredients and packaging materials has become increasingly challenging over the past three years. The company receives three million dollars annually to import inputs, but it needs five times more to produce at full capacity. Consequently, it is using a quarter of its potential, forced to cut down by a third the 150 varieties of tablets, capsules and syrups it used to produce.

The hurdles have impacted its profit margins.

Three years ago, the public enterprise recorded around 800 million Br revenues. It has fallen by half, says Tesfaye Taye, general manager of the company.

Abebaw Fekadu (PhD) is a professor of psychiatry at Addis Abeba University. He is also a visiting professor at King’s College London and the University of Sussex in the UK with training in psychopharmacology. He observes the shortage and expensiveness of medicines often forces patients to miss doses or stop taking medication completely. This, he says, can cause a new problem all on its own, especially with infectious and germ-caused diseases.

Missing doses or cutting them out can build drug resistance in the pathogens. The expert warns that drug resistance is already at dangerous levels.

It is a stark reminder of the economic quagmire the country finds itself when a lack of forex keeps the bedridden and the ill from the medications and care they so desperately need. Unlike the import of cooking oil, vehicles or clothing, medicines are a matter of life and death for citizens beset with seemingly endless problems and burdens. It is a situation that desperately needs attention and solutions.

Nonetheless, attributing supply chain disruptions or a lack of forex to the situation will mean little to Masresha and his young son. They are still in that dimly lit ward, hoping the trial will pass and brighter days are ahead.

Tax Liabilities, Pending Lawsuits Hamper Edna Mall Foreclosure

Claims by tax authorities and pending lawsuits stand between the Chinese company in the process of acquiring Edna Mall and the state-owned commercial bank that foreclosed the property a few months ago. The latest in a growing list of claimants is the Addis Abeba Revenues Bureau whose officials are in a crack to recoup millions of Birr in tax arrears from a property located in a prime location of Addis Abeba.

City officials say the 87.4 million Br they claim has tallied up over a four-year period. But their claim comes amid a handover to East Steel Plc, which acquired the property after offering 810 million Br at an auction held last July by the creditor, the state-owned Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE). Last month, the Bureau sent a notice addressed to a company registered under Tekleberhan Ambaye, a major shareholder of Tekleberhan Ambaye Construction Plc (TACON). A total of 67.2 million Br is owed to the city in profit tax, while the balance is an unpaid value-added tax (VAT).

Tax authorities had initially granted the company one month to settle its dues. However, the deadline passed last week and city officials plan to extend the deadline by up to a year.

They expect the company to settle the tax arrear with penalties. According to Robel Gebre, coordinator of the tax audit team at the Addis Ababa Revenue Bureau Medium Taxpayers’ Office, the city will take legal measures, including foreclosure of the company’s assets.

The Bureau says it has arrived at the figure after assessing the property’s financial records for the four years beginning 2016. However, it could not determine the tax amount for the fiscal year 2020/21 because the company did not submit a financial report, Robel told Fortune.

“The company has stopped declaring VAT payments since this year,” he said.

The coordinator says the Bureau has repeatedly attempted to reach out to the owners or representatives in vain. Although a representative had communicated with the Bureau earlier this year, city officials have been unable to reach out to the individual, according to Robel.

The seven-story complex on Cameroon Street, a landmark property across Bole Medihanialem Church, opened in November 2008. It lies on a 2,000sqm plot and housed Matti Multiplex Cinema, shops, and restaurants before it was shut down three months ago for failing to service the owners’ debt. The property was held as collateral against loans provided to TACON.

CBE executives declined from disclosing the amount the contractor owes them but put the property up for auction last year with a floor price of 237 million Br. East Steel, a Chinese industrialist operating in the Eastern Industry Zone in Dukem, 35Km southeast of Addis Abeba, won the auction after offering 810 million Br. The foreclosure entailed the shutdown of the cinema and an amusement centre in the building. Three months ago, the Bank had served Edna Mall tenants a notice to move out within a month as part of the handover process to East Steel. However, tenants have yet to vacate.

The handover process is yet to be complete.

Incorporated in 2014 with 279 million Br in equity, East Steel’s plant in Dukem has an annual production capacity of 1.3 million tonnes of steel. The company supplies reinforcement bars (rebar) to the construction industry.

Abdulkerim Daud, director of litigation and foreclosure at the CBE, disclosed the amount the company owes surpasses the sales value of Edna Mall.

“The Bank already has started selling off the company’s vehicles,” said Abdulkerim.

People close to the matter told Fortune other banks are also looking to recoup loans owed to them by the construction company, which once was one of the largest in the construction industry.

The Revenues Bureau has written a letter to the CBE, soliciting information on the property’s auction price and paying capital gains tax. However, it has yet to receive a response, according to Robel.

Legal experts like Yohannes Woldegebriel, a former public prosecutor, note that only courts of law can decide whether the lender or the tax authority get priority in settlement of debts.

Robel disagrees.

“Based on the law, it is impossible to transfer the title deed of any property without settling tax and getting clearance from the authorities,” he said.

The Ministry of Revenues is also seeking tax settlement from companies owned by Tekleberhan. This month, it published an auction notice, selling off a residential property owned by the real estate mogul. The initial price of the house, which lies on 110sqm of land, is set at 4.2 million Br.

Bill Keen to Overhaul Contract Farming, Expands to Other Grains

A long-awaited legislative piece that formalises contract farming models has reached the final stage before a landmark parliament passage.

Federal officials hope to encourage expanding a demand-driven farming system by rolling out a legal framework that allows agro-processing industries to source raw materials from millions of small-scale farmers. Lower administrative levels in regional states authenticate contracts between farmers and agro-processors. Contract farming has been limited to a few agricultural commodities, including oilseeds, sugarcane, and barley.

In the making for the past five years, the bill was initially under the Agricultural Transformation Institute (formerly an Agency) before the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) took over the mandate three years ago. It intends to legalise contract farming models.

The centralised and out-grower models concerns two parties: the buyer and seller. The former is a contractor who does not engage in production but agrees with the producer. The latter allows a contractor, which itself is a producer, to enter into contracts with other smallholder farmers. Multipartite and intermediary contract farming arrangements allow the involvement of a third party. The contractor enters an agreement with a third party, such as a cooperative or union, which acts on behalf of the producer. The involvement of a third party under a multipartite contract, on the other hand, is based on the goodwill of contracting parties.

In 2019, the Ministry of Trade & Industry (now the Ministry of Trade & Regional Integration) facilitated contracts to sell oilseeds. However, officials suspended contract farming for sesame and pulses in six regional states last year, alleging widespread illicit activities.

Established in 2013, Gonder Malt Factory has sourced barley from smallholder farmers through contract farming arrangements for the past five years. Last year, the factory sourced 12,000qtl of malt barley through the contract farming agreement it entered with 2,200 farmers who harvested the crop on 963ht of land in the Amhara Regional State. The amount is 13pc of the 90,000qtl of barley the factory used for malt production last year.

Erected with an investment outlay of 35 million dollars, the plant has an annual production capacity of 16,000tn of malt, processing 23,000tn of raw material. It cost the factory 2,250 Br to buy a quintal of barley last year.

Gonder Malt Factory made 3.1 million Br available for small-scale farmers through contract farming agreements, according to Adebabay Tisega, administrator of input supply. Farmers are expected to cover the costs of farming inputs such as fertilisers and improved seeds with the finances the factory provides.

The bill aspires to formalise such engagements, facilitating the implementation of contract farming and providing security for the contractor and the farmers, according to Dereje Abebe, team leader for out-growers and contract farming at the Ministry.

“It will allow farmers to ascertain future income and produce accordingly,” he said.

The duration of the contracts depends on terms and the production method. However, after the proclamation is approved, the Agriculture Ministry will introduce a directive to determine the duration. The terminating party will be subjected to pay compensation for damages in contract termination. The compensation amount will be determined by a regulation legislating by the Council of Ministers.

“The Ministry is working on the regulation and directives,” said Dereje.

This year, Gondar Malt Factory has entered into contracts with five unions, comprising 27 cooperatives. It has collected 30,000qtl of barley through deals and other sources.

“Although there is high demand for the commodity, supply is much lower this year,” said Adebabay.

Mesganaw Abeje, 36, a father of five who lives in Debarq, North Gonder, is one of the farmers that entered into a contract with Gondar Malt Factory last year. He cultivated barley and teff on two hectares of land, supplying the factory for the past four years, including last year’s 36qtl, earning 100,000 Br.

Mesganaw has not entered into a contract with the factory this year due to skyrocketing prices for agricultural inputs. Prices for a quintal of fertiliser have nearly tripled to around 4,800 Br a quintal.

“I don’t know whether I can afford to buy this time around,” he told Fortune.

Anticipations and apprehensions of higher prices of agricultural commodities next year have discouraged him from sowing his fields.

“I don’t want to lose money, entering into a contract with a predetermined price,” he said.

The anticipation of price surges is one of the major reasons pushing farmers away from adhering to the terms of contracts, according to Assefa Senbeta, a plant scientist who worked at the Ethiopian Seed Enterprise (ESE).

“The contract itself is prone to manipulation,” the expert said. “The one-size-fits-all approach is not addressing the buyer and seller’s needs.”

Assefa, who has had the opportunity to monitor some of the transactions through contract farming closely, says the prices of agricultural commodities have been volatile in recent years, which poses a transaction risk to farmers and agro-processors.

“Contract farming can offer predictable prices for sellers and buyers,” he said. “Effective enforcement mechanisms are needed.”

Prices of the grain are rising, too. This year, a quintal of barley was sold for 3,800 Br, a 68pc jump from last year.

Assela Malt Factory and breweries like Heineken have also been engaged in contract farming. Although wereda administrations provide a guarantee for the factory, it is very challenging to enforce some of the contracts, says Adebabay.

“Some farmers are unwilling to return the loans they receive to purchase agricultural inputs,” he said.

Cases arising from disputes like these often make it to civil courts. The bill makes unlawful contract terminations criminal offences tried in criminal courts.

The bill was tabled to Parliament two years ago, after passing the verification from the Attorney General (now defunct) and winning the nod of the Council of Ministers. However, it was sent back to the Agriculture Ministry with recommendations, according to Dereje. Following the establishment of a new government last September, the Ministry held consultative meetings with parties in the value chain for additional input. The discussions also included representatives from the regional and zonal levels.

The Ministry sent the bill to the Ministry of Justice two months ago.

“We’re expecting a response in the coming weeks,” said Dereje.

Comm’n Authorities Contemplate to Enforce Building Code for Telecom Infrastructure

The allocation and use of land to erect telecom infrastructure is to be standardized as the industry is going through a liberalisation process, allowing space for competition. Officials at the Ethiopian Communications Authority, the industry’s regulatory body, are contemplating intervening to formalise the varied procedures across regional states.

The lack of uniformity has presented challenges to operators. The state-owned Ethio telecom has trouble finding spaces for structures like towers, with the problems unresolved as it attempts to expand out of urban areas. In towns and cities, the Ethio telecom sets up towers on building tops, which are not easy to come by in less urbanised areas, forcing it to seek land from the respective state administrations.

Ethio telecom officials see infrastructure development in rural areas not as profitable but expanding service access, according to a response from the communications department. High fees can also impact the cost of service delivery. Land acquisition and relocation are major challenges facing the Ethio telecom.

The Authority has its legal experts drafting a directive that enforces standards in the industry. It aims to avoid inconsistencies, says Balcha Reba, director-general of the Authority, established in 2019.

An operator submitting a request for space allocation will be required to include documents specifying the type, height, and location of the infrastructure to be erected, as well as the size of the space required. However, permissions to certain locations require special authorisation from the authorities. For areas close to airports or airstrip zones, the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority will be tasked to handle requests. The Ministry of Defense or the National Intelligence & Security Services will be responsible for reviewing requests for areas in proximity to military bases and installations.

The directive outlines that requests are to receive a reply within 10 days. If the responsible authorities fail to meet the cutoff, the operator can file a complaint with the Authority, mediating between the parties.

Telecom operators are required to prioritise government or public buildings when erecting towers on rooftops, followed by commercial buildings and private properties. Operators permitted to install telecom towers on rooftops of residential buildings are required to obtain a structural safety certificate.

A uniform fee will be instated to avoid disputes between operators and the authorities, according to Balcha.

He believes this will help address challenges the incumbent Ethio telecom already faces and allow Safaricom Ethiopia Plc to build and expand its operations once it starts operations. The operators will need to negotiate with either Ethiopian Electric Power or Ethiopian Electric Utility to use electric infrastructure.

Safaricom signed a five-year lease agreement with Ethiopian Electric Power to share dark fibre optics earlier this month. The first phase of the lease includes over 4,000Km of an optical ground fibre network. Two weeks ago, the telecom operator and Ethiopian Electric Utility signed an additional lease agreement. The agreement entails areal fibre installation through the existing electric pole infrastructure.

An infrastructure agreement established before the directive’s issuance is to be governed by the terms of the agreement.

In Addis Abeba, space is allocated based on the land lease law of 2011. Requests are reviewed by the land management bureau of the districts where the infrastructure is built. A state-owned enterprise, Ethio telecom gets land with the bottom cap of the leasing fee, according to Habtamu Tesfaye, a member of a team under the Addis Abeba Land Management Bureau in charge of transferring land for the development of telecom infrastructure.

Ethio telecom usually requests 169sqm plots for tower construction, though lease prices differ based on location, according to Habtamu. Private operators are required to follow the same procedure.

“No request has yet come from Safaricom Ethiopia,” Habtamu told Fortune.

Two months ago, Safaricom’s executives expressed desires to share up to 80pc of the 7,100 towers Ethio telecom operates and part of its 22,000Km fibre optics network. The telecom operator, which paid 850 million dollars for a 15-year license last year, is also moving ahead with its infrastructure development project, having contracted Nokia and Huawei. Safaricom Ethiopia has built around 30 sites in Addis Abeba and an additional 30 in urban centres such as Dire Dawa and Bahir Dar.

A few months ago, its executives announced their plans to develop tower infrastructures on building-tops and import materials for its operations. It plans to build 400 sites in the capital over the coming year.

Habtamu suggests that the Communications Authority’s directive be compatible with the existing lease regulations.

Right-of-way issues often arise in infrastructure development as telecom infrastructures are often erected in and around residential areas. The Addis Abeba City Administration uses a proclamation issued in 2006, which dictates the operator pay compensation, to resolve them.

Judicial Authorities Pin Hope on Autonomy from Civil Service to Attract, Retain Staff

Administrators of the federal courts are awaiting legislative approval to unfasten administrative and non-judicial staff from the civil service structure. Judicial officials say the move is necessary to impede staff turnover plaguing the country’s courts and attract talent.

The administration of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed (PhD) has been trying to reform the justice system since 2018. A council advising judicial reforms, comprising 15 members of former judges, lawyers, and academics, was established to ensure judicial autonomy the following year. Under Chief Justice Meaza Ashenafi, the council oversees the administrative and service procedures changes. Redesigning the court structures and the judicial administration are among its preoccupations.

The Federal Court law saw four amendments since its initial passage in 1996. The last change was made 15 years ago.

Parliament ratified a law last year, allowing federal courts to manage their budgets and recruit staff independently. The courts determine their own budget, pending approval from Parliament. It rubber stamped a 289 million Br budget for the judiciary this year.

The Federal Judicial Administration Council, comprising representatives from each of the three tiers of the federal court system, hires and administer judges. Nonetheless, supporting staff have remained under the civil service structure, where the pay scale makes hiring and retaining staff has been challenging to judicial administrators.

The Federal Supreme Court requires 930 non-judicial administration staff but operates with 614 personnel. Solomon Ejigu, public relations director at the Supreme Court, blames low salaries and stiff hiring procedures of the Civil Service Commission. The same goes for the Federal High Court, which requires over 1,500 supporting staff for its seven branches, including Dire Dawa and a centre in Hawassa. It counts 875 among its non-judicial personnel.

“The supporting staff is expected to shoulder heavy workload, but they’re paid low salaries,” said Solomon. “While these pushes personnel to quit, it also makes the jobs less attractive in the eyes of potential job seekers.”

Over 70 court clerks at the Federal High Court make an average salary of 2,000 Br a month, while custodial staff receive half as much.

Misganaw Chanie, director of human resource management at the Federal High Court, believes branching out from the civil service structure would give the institutions the autonomy and power to fill with qualified staff.

“Employees who shoulder heavy workloads should be compensated better,” said Misganaw.

He had served in the committee that drafted the regulation.

The Federal First Instance Court has around 1,800 personnel working in non-judicial positions, which officials claim does not meet half the workforce needed to process the 128,000 cases the Court handled through its 11 branches last year. First Instance Courts had jurisdictions over civil suits involving up to half a million Birr; a ceiling increased to 10 million Br beginning last year.

For a year and a half now, Alemnew Shumo has been working at the information desk of the Federal First Instance Court in Lideta. He earns a gross monthly salary of 2,300 Br. Initially, his tasks were limited to providing information and directions to people visiting the court to attend hearings. However, as the number of staff working as clerks delivering a summons, orders and verdicts dwindled, Alemnew took additional responsibilities.

“Several staff members have been leaving due to the workload,” he said.

He and his colleagues had high hopes for high pay since they first heard talk of the courts branching out from the civil service a year ago, but nothing has come yet.

“I’m only here hoping that it’ll change soon,” Alemnew told Fortune.

Attorneys like Liku Worku have also observed the heavy workload of non-judicial staff. He has witnessed the burden placed on staff such as clerks and court scribes during his frequent visits to courts over the past decade.

“You might see a long line of people waiting to get services from a few or even a single staff member,” he said.

A study conducted by the World Justice Project, a non-governmental organisation based in the United States, two years ago on the effectiveness of court systems in 138 countries ranked Ethiopia at 115 for civil cases and 106 for criminal proceedings.

Officials at the Civil Service Commission confirmed that the federal courts are to branch out following the ratification of the proclamation last year.

“They’ve asked the Commission to assist,” said Nigist Getachew, public relations head at the Commission.

Three years ago, the Ministry of Revenues and the Customs Commission were excluded from the civil service payroll structure to pay their staff competitive salaries. The Federal Auditor General was also granted autonomy from the civil service structure three years ago.

Chief Justice Meaza has been raising issues of administrative autonomy during addresses to parliamentarians over the past few months. She cautions MPs that separating non-judicial staff would significantly impact efficiency and service delivery. The Chief Justice also wrote a letter to MPs three months ago, urging them to speed up reviewing the regulation.

The courts tabled a revised regulation to Parliament last July.

It would entail the formation of a 13-member board – comprising representatives from the three courts, parliament’s Standing Committee for Legal, Justice, & Democracy Affairs, and the Civil Service Commission – to oversee the hiring and management of administrative staff. Etsegenet Mengistu, chair of the standing committee, has yet to receive the regulations.

“No draft regulation has been sent to our committee,” Etsegenet told Fortune.

Central Bank Relaxes Freight Payment Rules as Banks Grapple with Forex Crunch

The central bank has issued permission to private commercial banks to settle half of the shipping costs in foreign currency as accumulated freight payment receivables surpassed 150 million dollars.

Signed by Yinager Dessie (PhD), governor of the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE), a letter sent to the Ethiopian Shipping & Logistics Services Enterprise (ESLSE) last week instructs the executives to receive part of freight payments in Birr.

Commercial banks owe the state-owned shipping enterprise close to 7.8 billion Br, unable to find the foreign currency to settle the receivables.

A rule enacted a decade ago required importers to pay for freights, through their banks, in foreign currency. Last week’s directive changed this rule. Commercial banks are told to collect freight fees in Birr and transfer half the amount to the shipping company at the end of every month, in a foreign currency. The central bank’s latest move applies to all imports, except for wheat, sugar, coal, and fertiliser, which the government mainly imports.

The move comes as banks struggle with forex mobilisation following the central bank’s tightened retention rules. They must surrender 70pc of forex earnings from exports, remittances and transfers to non-governmental organisations (NGOs), beginning January this year. The balance is to be divided between the banks and exporters.

A year ago, banks used to enjoy access to 70pc of forex unused by exporters within 30 days of deposit.

The central bank adjusted the retention policy due to the urgent need to beef up the country’s foreign currency reserves, which is inadequate to cover the ballooning import bills and external debt payments. Ethiopia’s foreign exchange reserve has dwindled below two billion dollars to cover less than two-month imports.

Over the first half of the year, the federal government spent 2.1 billion dollars on importing essential goods and a further one billion dollars on servicing external debts. The deficit has been exacerbated by dwindling loans and grants from development partners.

Global supply chain disruptions stemming from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have only made things worse. They have prompted the Enterprise to quadruple freight charges over the past year. The cost of shipping a 40ft container from ports in China, Ethiopia’s largest trading partner, has increased to nearly 13,000 dollars.

The Enterprise, too, is yet to pay 100 million dollars for rentals and other fees, disclosed Roba Megerssa, chief executive officer (CEO) of the ESLSE.

It operates a fleet of 11 vessels and leasing slots from other shippers such as Maersk and the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC). Banks and importers are expected to finance the country’s sizable import bills partially and cover freight costs from the forex they are allowed to keep. The severe crunch in foreign currency is a headache to many importers, who are forced to compete to secure letters of credit (LC) and cover shipping costs.

The central bank’s decision has provided slight relief to importers like Tilahun Chala, a major shareholder of Tilahun Chala Import & Export Plc. Incorporated 10 years ago with 20 million Br in capital, the company is engaged in exporting coffee, oilseeds and pulses. Like most exporters, it uses its forex earnings to pay for imported goods.

“Despite the export earnings, financing imports has been challenging,” said Tilahun.

A few months ago, the company spent 300,000 dollars to import 40 containers of vehicle tyres.

To Mengistu Wondwossen, director of resource mobilisation and branch banking at Wegagen Bank, the decision is a positive start to address the foreign currency crunch banks face.

“We expect further adjustments,” he said.

Roba says the Enterprise is contemplating adjusting the schedule for the remaining payments expected from private banks.

Abdulmenan Mohammed, a financial statement analyst with two decades of experience, says that although the central bank’s latest move does not change much to boost forex inflow, it will provide breathing room to banks and importers.

“In a forex shortage, it is essential to utilise the available resources to the fullest,” he said.