Our Destruction Is Not Inevitable

There used to be a narrow and dusty road right in front of Addis Abeba City Hall, aka Mazegaja Bet, in Piassa. It has been under construction for a while, and now nearing completion, it has already eased traffic and cleaned up the look of the area. Standing there, one can also get a pleasing view of Churchill Avenue to Tewodros Square. The skyline of Addis looks more complete, as opposed to the skeletal and unfinished buildings that dot most of the capital.

That is where I had asked a driver from a taxi-hailing company to come and pick me up. After a greeting, we began our trip. He then said this:

“What they have done with this place is amazing,” he began. “But what is the use when we have no peace?”

Ethiopia’s poor state of circumstances has become a conversation opener. There is not a topic that people talk about but doom and gloom. Nothing else dominates. Our thoughts have grown dark and oppressive. Most of us have a hard time sleeping. We are angry, frustrated, and terrified of what the next day will bring. We are not even uncertain anymore – it is as if we are fatalistically entering the abyss, never to return. If we were not such a poor country, there would have been a Xanax epidemic.

No wonder then, that every commentator, being as mediocre as they are, appears now and then to point this out to us, as if we have missed the unique nature of our crisis – as if we have somehow failed to see how much pain and suffering is being exacted on people in several parts of the country.

The commentary we are getting could be headlined: “It is bleak” and “total war is afoot,” as if we had not just spent the previous night sleeplessly worrying about the things we see and hear about. It is like a physician telling a patient that has just had their leg amputated that they would have a hard time walking.

“You don’t say, Doc!”

What we instead needed from our elite class was assurance; that all effort and energy would be expended to avoid the loss of human life; that they would never allow a difference of opinion to be a cause for armed conflict. What we needed were moral leaders that insist that no cause – none – deserves a human sacrifice. Instead, what we have received from the elite is a declaration of what we already know (that we find ourselves in a state of great suffering) and loud, angry calls for violent responses for every injury inflicted.

How can we then force ourselves to wake up each day? What is the purpose if it is all going to end? Why keep going on? What do we tell our children? And what moral purpose do we take out of this?

It is easy to feel overwhelmed, dejected, angry, cynical and morose in times of such hardship. It is our natural biological response to the perception of danger, especially when ‘flight’ is not an option. It is harder to find a silver lining, hold dearly onto hope and trust in the human spirit to find meaning in suffering and dare to transcend it.

To double-down on our optimism, in the inherent goodness of our neighbours and fellow citizens, would require of us great courage. Otherwise, terror wins. What makes acts of cruelty by the few, especially against those vulnerable, so destructive is that they inspire the worst in the majority of us. To refuse to be defined by this – and to rebuff that our motivation for action be the barbarity of others – will be our greatest victory. It will require all of our will and the recognition that societies have been through so much worse and come out of it the stronger for their experiences.

Even in the worst of circumstances, the human spirit has found purpose and meaning. A friend recently shared a quote from one of the poetry books by Limn Sisay, “Gold from the Stone.”

“How do you do it?” said night. “How do you wake and shine?”

“I keep it simple,” said light. “One day at a time.”

Indeed, one day at a time. We can also give to charity and the needy; be our compatriot’s keeper. Take a walk, perhaps even hike and meet people, preferably those outside our usual social circle. Unplug sometimes and reduce exposure to news about politics. We do not need to scroll through social media every few minutes or scrounge for the news every single hour.

Surely, some will read this and consider me naive and too privileged to comprehend the full scale of what is going on – though there will be too few to have the luxury to be like this in today’s Ethiopia. Perhaps I am. But it takes very little to be cynical. At least I dare say that, if we will it, it will all be okay. Our destruction is not inevitable.

Technology Deserves Museums Too

Nothing feels the same as it is does for the first time. It was as I was contemplating going to an exhibition and workshop on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Addis Abeba, which opened on April 15, 2021, that I was taken back with nostalgic thoughts of the first time another piece of technology mesmerised me.

The first motor vehicle I ever went inside was an old Italian car. Before then, I was never far from our village’s dusty alleyway – its ends marking in my little brain the end of the only world I knew. That day, we were given a ride as my mother was taking me to a hospital. It was a mind-bending moment. The truck’s engine is fitted in front of the driver’s cabin, dominating the whole show on its skeletal frame, on which various mechanical parts were loosely bolted. As we traveled, it shook and made a noise as if it would break down at any moment. Its heavy exhaust smoke blackened the air, creating a temporary trail.

Soon I started to go to Mercato with the Anbessa public bus, again with my mother and noted the contrasts between the truck and the bus. It was no small discovery. Yet, this was still a small motorised vehicle compare to my next significant encounter.

That was the train. My mom told me anecdotes about it. I once also saw it, this time from the vantage point of her shoulder. It had generous, gushy smoke burping out of the chimney; the crankshaft and the wheels had a synchronised exhilaration; and finally there was mayhem evoked by the loud shrieks as it pulled to a stop.

For those that lived close by, nightfall was unthinkable without the whistles and the sounds of the train arriving or departing. As our home was in the vicinity, the thunder from La Gare train station used to set my mom’s attention alight, waking her up from memory lane. I used to share her concern why it is sometimes late or early in its arrival.

It was soon with my friends that we started to go to La Gare, all on our own. We roamed around the station first, with a keen interest to sort out how it works. After a while, we graduated to jumping on a moving train as it approaches the station, hanging onto whatever came in handy. That was not the only thing I graduated to, but a fascination with a different type of motor-propelled machine: airplanes.

For my question, “How does an airplane fly?” my fourth grade science teacher responded, “It has openings in its wings, moving up and down as birds do.”

As I told my friends the story, it kindled our passion for everything flying, turning our eyes to the sky. After repeated tries, we managed to locate the Bole International Airport. We had no words for the first close look at a Boeing 737 on the strip. Our attempt for a closer look never materialised, yet we were able to disprove my science teacher.

And now, there is artificial intelligence, which is predicted to address many of the problems of humankind. It is one in a long line of inventions, like the automobile or the airplane, that is a consequence of human ingenuity. It will expand our knowledge, helping us comprehend our physical world better.

In our sophomore year in college, we had a computer-relevant topic in a course. It was a surprise when we were taken to our university’s computer centre, which mostly had data storage systems. Alas, for almost eight years afterward, I never came close to computers at the institutions I joined after graduation.

But these first introductions to technology need to be stored for showing at museums. They are history in metal cases and part and parcel of our history. They remind us where we were and hint at where we are going. The exhibition and workshop centre for AI is a promising beginning. We know where we have started; time will tell where our ingenuity will take it.

With Ever More Complex Markets, Consumer Protection is Everyone’s Business

Consumers are among the vulnerable sections of a market economy. This is mainly because they often lack adequate market information, have weak bargaining power and are unorganised.

On the contrary, most businesses are better informed, organised (often informally) and possess stronger bargaining power. These variations in the positions of consumers and businesses put the former in precarious conditions. In other words, businesses can use their better positions in a market to unjustly benefit themselves at the expense of consumers. This is why we commonly experience unlawful and unfair business practices that seriously affect the interests of consumers, including adulteration and hoarding of consumer goods.

It is also mainly this facet of a market economy that necessitates government regulations to protect consumers from misconduct by businesses. In Ethiopia, we have specific laws and institutions that are intended to afford protection to consumers. The principal law, in this regard, is the Trade Competition and Consumers Protection Proclamation, which established the Trade Competition & Consumer Protection Authority.

Consumers have the rights, among others, to be equipped with sufficient market information and protected from deception and other forms of abuses, including through the provision of legal remedies against non-compliant businesses. Yet, other laws and government bodies also have important roles to play in ensuring that consumers’ rights and interests are safeguarded.

The importance of such laws and bodies is paramount now more than ever. This is mainly because the country’s economy is increasingly marching towards becoming a private sector-led one. The recent investment law reforms, which have fully or partially liberalised many areas of the economy, and the plan to privatise several state-owned enterprises, manifest this policy shift. Such an economic policy restricts the role of the government principally to regulating the private sector.

On March 15, 2021, the “World Consumer Rights Day” was celebrated in Addis Ababa under the global theme of “Tackling Plastic Pollution.” During the event, the importance of consumers’ associations, which can advocate for the rights and interests of consumers in different ways, was rightly emphasised.

The discussion on the role of consumers’ associations was a timely reminder that, while there is no doubt that the government has the primary responsibility to protect consumers, others have vital roles to play for the same purpose. In particular, consumers’ associations, which are different from consumers’ cooperative unions, should be encouraged to be established and function. The Ethiopian Constitution allows the establishment of consumer associations under its protection of the freedom of association.

As stated in the United Nations Conference on Trade & Development’s (UNCTAD) Manual on Consumer Protection, these associations can advocate for enhanced consumer protection in various ways. This includes consumer education, proposing policy and legal changes, representing consumers in litigation and mainstreaming consumer interests in governmental decisions.

Likewise, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) working on human rights in Ethiopia need to incorporate consumers’ rights in their advocacy. The rights of consumers are aptly regarded as components of human rights. A case in point is how the “right to life” of a consumer can be affected by the consumption of adulterated products. Hence, NGOs should adopt a holistic approach towards human rights protection, covering consumers as a group.

Aside from consumers’ associations and human rights NGOs, the media and educational institutions have crucial roles. The former should regularly provide news and analyses on topics that affect consumers’ rights and interests by engaging various stakeholders, including government bodies, consumers’ associations and chambers of commerce. Schools should also create awareness on students on the rights of consumers, starting as early as the elementary level. This can best be achieved through mainstreaming consumer education into educational curricula. Until consumer education is included in the curricula, schools can cover consumer rights in their extra-curricular programmes.

Government bodies in charge of consumer protection, mainly the Trade Competition & Consumer Protection Authority, the Ministry of Trade & Industry, trade bureaus and the Ethiopian Food & Drug Authority, also need to coordinate their efforts on consumer protection and adopt transparent, accountable and accessible administrations. Moreover, they should work on scaling up their regulatory expertise in response to the increased complexity of the market economy.

Respecting consumers’ rights through complying with consumer protection laws is also beneficial for businesses. Adopting honest commercial practices can help, among others, build their goodwill, which can increase their competitiveness in the market. Besides, it can help them forestall legal liability for violating consumer protection laws and the associated costs.

The ‘Virtue’ in Voting, Responsible Political Participation

It is not easy to describe democracy in just one sentence, but the phrase “majority rule and minority rights” comes close. Its fundamental layout encompasses the equality of human beings, the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Hence, democracy is a course of action where individual’s self-rule exerts collective harmony, creating a political unit that attains socio-economic progress.

As a principle, a healthy political environment includes the right to the ballot as a way of influencing public policy and governance. Elections are critical for choosing our representatives in government and giving a temporary but stable mandate for the exercise of power. But every time citizens opt not to exercise their right to vote; democracy is severely diminished.

No one disputes that voting is a fundamental right, where the notion that we govern ourselves by free choice is affirmed. Voting represents the beginning; everything else in our democracy follows. We sometimes imagine that voting involves nothing more than showing up at the polling booth for a few minutes and putting our voice in the ballot box.

However, the process comes from and is guided by our feelings, values, principles, assumptions and knowledge. Many of these stem from our backgrounds, cultures, and experiences. It also arises from our conscious decisions about what is right, the virtues that we aspire toward, and the beliefs that motivate us. The goal of political discourse is to inform our conscious decision-making beyond what backgrounds and cultures we come from – it is an appeal to reason-based self-governance.

Political parties have an expanded role to play in this. They are positioned to promote policy alternatives on key issues affecting public administration and governance. They also have a sizeable influence in the productiveness and fairness of the exchange of ideas. An example of how a lack of this could negatively affect national discourse was evident in the conduct of former US President Donald Trump during the 2016 and 2020 elections.

Bridging gaps and being accountable in conveying one’s ideas to the public is necessary for the democratic process. It creates goodwill between parties and allows them to express themselves in a manner that would not automatically turn off the other side.

Thus, how should we conceive of and discuss the right to vote and its associated controversies?

Differentiating between protecting an individual’s right to vote and merely ensuring equality among voters has both theoretical and practical consequences. If we believe that everyone should have a voice in our democracy, we should also eliminate avoidable burdens that might affect all voters. As the first-line actors in the election process, governments should better protect the individual right to vote by guaranteeing an opportunity to participate for all voters.

When some citizens fail to exercise their right to vote, observers must question the degree to which government by the people exits. The phrase “free and fair elections” has two critical components. “Free” has mainly to do with the integrity of ballots, and almost entirely concerns the electoral body. “Fair” is another matter. It relates to the independence of democratic institutions. The courts, security forces and public media should be perceived to be autonomous enough for voters to have confidence in the electoral process.

Political participation will be most effective when there is awareness created regarding democratic values. A citizenry that participates only by occasionally voting in elections will not cut it; it will be a knee-jerk reaction that fails to comprehend the full extent of the country’s political life. Direct engagement in debating and deciding public issues is the civic virtue that sustains democracy. The key aspect of that virtue is for citizens to look beyond their individual self-interest to the larger needs of the community.

Ageism Doesn’t Age Well, but Wisdom Does

I was at a supermarket on Thursday morning when I had to stand in a line to pay for the snacks I had grabbed from the shelves. Close to the front were two senior men. They ran into a man who was not wearing a face mask.

They politely asked him to mask up, but the man refused, rather disrespectfully, raising his voice to the point everyone at the store could hear him. The men pleaded with him to cover his mouth and nose for everyone’s protection from the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

“COVID-19 is the disease of the old; since everybody else is wearing one, do not worry,” he retorted.

A heated quarrel broke out where almost everyone in the queue kept telling him their piece of mind. Someone in the line said to him that as an obese person, he is at more risk of dying of Coronavirus complications. Others told him he is suicidal.

Throughout all of these, he was nonchalant. Until, that is, someone told him that he is a “senior.” He was furious afterward. He was up to prove to us all that he was young.

I was baffled that out of the many insulting words thrown at him, what made the man feel punched in the kidney was the statement about his age. Words suddenly became inadequate to express himself. I left the store shortly after.

Unfortunately, this is how many people feel about age – as an object of shame rather than a blessing. It is not unheard of for people to lie about their age, even to health professionals. In the age of consumerism and body image, youthfulness has further come to be seen as a source of obsession. Those who have passed it want to come back while the young are determined to remain there for life.

But there is much to be grateful for as we add more years to our lives. The sooner we realise that we are just in a season of life that is continuously changing, the more we can focus on the now. Our age is just a demonstration of experiences, an asset we all should treasure. What should be our focus is trying our best to make the right use of our time on Earth.

Adding years to our lives does not mean becoming less valuable. Our years are a means of new opportunities, pleasant memories to build on, and challenges to overcome. The resentment of aging is more psychological than physical as it reminds people what they have wasted. It is not the end of joy and strength but the epitome of it.

It is critical to develop the habit of dwelling in the present, embracing each season of age for what it is and what it has to offer without resenting the years we have been graced with. No one should lose sight that age is meant to change annually, bringing new experiences. Being conditioned to remain young forever will make us lose focus in life. The less people stress over their age, the more they can easily discover what is worthwhile.

“Take kindly the counsel of the years, gracefully surrendering the things of youth,” as Max Ehrmann wrote in his poem, “Desiderata.”

Going forward, there will be more and more older people around the world than at any time before, thanks to lower fertility rates and modern medicine. By 2050, the population of the world aged 60 years or older is expected to double from the current number to over two billion, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Whether we like it or not, we are all growing older as each day passes. There is no getting away from that. If our negative attitudes towards getting older persist, we risk wasting time hanging in the past and missing what is ahead. Our ageism needs to give way to the realisation that with more years behind us, we accumulate more wisdom – at least if we choose to do as such.

Teachers of the New Age

Teachers, even though underrated, play an important and undeniable role in shaping generations. Some join the profession out of convenience while others do so out of passion. The latter are always making sure their teaching style matches that of their students’ learning. They take the time to know their needs and pay close attention to their character to design the best way of instilling knowledge.

There is no such thing as a lazy student; just an unmotivated one who has not yet found the right teacher. Even the most underperforming students improve under the right guidance.

One such teacher was a person I met over the weekend. She has been teaching for three decades. She loves her job and aspires to educate. She told me how students these days were not like those in the old days or even a few years back. She was surprised to find students in the fourth grade that could not even read, not even in their native language. This shows that something is wrong with the education system and that we are not doing our jobs well, especially in how children are taught.

I share her frustration. There are students in the eighth grade that cannot differentiate present tense from past tense. This includes students in private schools. No doubt, speaking English on its own is not a measure of a person’s intelligence. But when pretty much every subject is taught in English, speaking and writing it well makes a huge difference. Many people get prominent positions simply on the basis that they are fluent in the language.

Until this day, I remember my fourth-grade English teacher – she, among others, was the one who helped me improve my English. Good teachers teach us and give us the confidence to speak up without fear and to own it when we make mistakes.

Here, there is a decided advantage of older generations over younger ones. The former went to college better equipped with knowledge than the current generation, who have been losing out as schools proliferated but quality declined by a near equal amount. It has gotten to a point where a degree these days is nearly just a worthless piece of paper.

We are overdue for a different approach. The current school the teacher I met is employed at focuses on life skills in an integrated manner. For instance, they milk a cow in their school, boil the milk, and drink it.

But since they live in a city, what is the point in teaching them how to milk a cow when they will likely not have to in the real world?

Knowing where the milk comes from, seeing it firsthand and doing it themselves fulfills their curiosity. Children tend to remember an answer to a question when they have looked for it themselves instead of when teachers hand it to them.

Furthermore, with the help of a chef, the students at the school cook their own food and clean their tables after they have finished eating. They are also allowed to explore their artistic and creative sides freely.

These life skills will help them become well-rounded individuals when they grow up. The teacher gave me an example of the son of a friend, who moved to the United States and could not manage to live independently as he did not know how to carry out any household chores.

This is a cultural problem where young boys are only encouraged to focus on their studies and not get involved in house chores, as opposed to women, especially in rural areas. But it is also partly due to an education system overly reliant on rote learning and taking very little inspiration from liberal arts education.

International Charity Pledges $1m for Education in Tigray

A global fund dedicated to education in emergencies has donated one million dollars to benefit out-of-school children in Tigray Regional State, where an estimated 1.4 million students have been without access to education for around a year now.

Education Cannot Wait (ECW), the fund providing the financing, targets to reach 2,000 pre-primary, 12,000 primary, and 6,000 secondary school learners, as well as 250 teaching personnel in collaboration with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Save the Children and the Ethiopian government.

Schools in the country were closed in April last year due to the state of emergency declared following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, forcing an estimated 26 million students to stay at home. However, although schools were reopened across the country in the final months of 2020, education in Tigray has not been resumed because of ongoing military conflict in the region. Approximately 2,500 schools remain closed in the regional state, where many educational institutions are currently being used as shelters for internally displaced persons (IDPs).

ECW is looking to improve equitable access to learning opportunities. Enhancing school and community engagement, training teachers to address the unique psychosocial needs of girls and boys displaced by violence, and strengthening education services and coordination taking place in the region are the fund’s main objectives.

Abyssinia Hires Path Solution to Boost Interest-Free Banking Services

The Bank of Abyssinia (BoA) has taken a step towards improving its interest-free banking services by signing a partnership with Path Solutions, a software solution provider for Islamic banks and financial institutions. Abyssinia, which reported over 850 million Br in profit last year, is looking to upgrade its Ameen interest-free banking services with automated processing, enabling more accurate profit calculations and efficient distribution, its executives say.  The Bank started its Ameen service in late 2017 following a directive from the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) that allowed banks to establish interest-free services. It currently offers these services at all 503 of its branches across the country.

“Our partnership with Path Solutions is vital to ensure all Islamic requirements are met for our stakeholders and to compete in the rapidly changing Islamic financial landscape in the country,” said Abdulkadir Redwan, director of interest-free banking at Abyssinia. Over half of the private commercial banks currently operating in the country provide interest-free banking services. In 2018, the central bank passed another directive that allowed for the establishment of full-fledged interest-free banks. Two such banks (ZamZam and Hijra) are preparing to begin providing their services this year.

MESQEL SQUARE SHADE

This guard at the under-construction Mesqel Square is using a makeshift shade to shield himself from the high noon sun. The materials for the shade are leftovers from the 2.5 billion Br construction project, which is nearing completion. The facelift to the square, scene of several political and holiday events, will include an underground parking lot able to accommodate 1,400 vehicles.